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2024-09-24Merge tag 'kbuild-v6.12' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-2/+1
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild Pull Kbuild updates from Masahiro Yamada: - Support cross-compiling linux-headers Debian package and kernel-devel RPM package - Add support for the linux-debug Pacman package - Improve module rebuilding speed by factoring out the common code to scripts/module-common.c - Separate device tree build rules into scripts/Makefile.dtbs - Add a new script to generate modules.builtin.ranges, which is useful for tracing tools to find symbols in built-in modules - Refactor Kconfig and misc tools - Update Kbuild and Kconfig documentation * tag 'kbuild-v6.12' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild: (51 commits) kbuild: doc: replace "gcc" in external module description kbuild: doc: describe the -C option precisely for external module builds kbuild: doc: remove the description about shipped files kbuild: doc: drop section numbering, use references in modules.rst kbuild: doc: throw out the local table of contents in modules.rst kbuild: doc: remove outdated description of the limitation on -I usage kbuild: doc: remove description about grepping CONFIG options kbuild: doc: update the description about Kbuild/Makefile split kbuild: remove unnecessary export of RUST_LIB_SRC kbuild: remove append operation on cmd_ld_ko_o kconfig: cache expression values kconfig: use hash table to reuse expressions kconfig: refactor expr_eliminate_dups() kconfig: add comments to expression transformations kconfig: change some expr_*() functions to bool scripts: move hash function from scripts/kconfig/ to scripts/include/ kallsyms: change overflow variable to bool type kallsyms: squash output_address() kbuild: add install target for modules.builtin.ranges scripts: add verifier script for builtin module range data ...
2024-09-20kbuild: generate offset range data for builtin modulesKris Van Hees1-0/+1
Create file module.builtin.ranges that can be used to find where built-in modules are located by their addresses. This will be useful for tracing tools to find what functions are for various built-in modules. The offset range data for builtin modules is generated using: - modules.builtin: associates object files with module names - vmlinux.map: provides load order of sections and offset of first member per section - vmlinux.o.map: provides offset of object file content per section - .*.cmd: build cmd file with KBUILD_MODFILE The generated data will look like: .text 00000000-00000000 = _text .text 0000baf0-0000cb10 amd_uncore .text 0009bd10-0009c8e0 iosf_mbi ... .text 00b9f080-00ba011a intel_skl_int3472_discrete .text 00ba0120-00ba03c0 intel_skl_int3472_discrete intel_skl_int3472_tps68470 .text 00ba03c0-00ba08d6 intel_skl_int3472_tps68470 ... .data 00000000-00000000 = _sdata .data 0000f020-0000f680 amd_uncore For each ELF section, it lists the offset of the first symbol. This can be used to determine the base address of the section at runtime. Next, it lists (in strict ascending order) offset ranges in that section that cover the symbols of one or more builtin modules. Multiple ranges can apply to a single module, and ranges can be shared between modules. The CONFIG_BUILTIN_MODULE_RANGES option controls whether offset range data is generated for kernel modules that are built into the kernel image. How it works: 1. The modules.builtin file is parsed to obtain a list of built-in module names and their associated object names (the .ko file that the module would be in if it were a loadable module, hereafter referred to as <kmodfile>). This object name can be used to identify objects in the kernel compile because any C or assembler code that ends up into a built-in module will have the option -DKBUILD_MODFILE=<kmodfile> present in its build command, and those can be found in the .<obj>.cmd file in the kernel build tree. If an object is part of multiple modules, they will all be listed in the KBUILD_MODFILE option argument. This allows us to conclusively determine whether an object in the kernel build belong to any modules, and which. 2. The vmlinux.map is parsed next to determine the base address of each top level section so that all addresses into the section can be turned into offsets. This makes it possible to handle sections getting loaded at different addresses at system boot. We also determine an 'anchor' symbol at the beginning of each section to make it possible to calculate the true base address of a section at runtime (i.e. symbol address - symbol offset). We collect start addresses of sections that are included in the top level section. This is used when vmlinux is linked using vmlinux.o, because in that case, we need to look at the vmlinux.o linker map to know what object a symbol is found in. And finally, we process each symbol that is listed in vmlinux.map (or vmlinux.o.map) based on the following structure: vmlinux linked from vmlinux.a: vmlinux.map: <top level section> <included section> -- might be same as top level section) <object> -- built-in association known <symbol> -- belongs to module(s) object belongs to ... vmlinux linked from vmlinux.o: vmlinux.map: <top level section> <included section> -- might be same as top level section) vmlinux.o -- need to use vmlinux.o.map <symbol> -- ignored ... vmlinux.o.map: <section> <object> -- built-in association known <symbol> -- belongs to module(s) object belongs to ... 3. As sections, objects, and symbols are processed, offset ranges are constructed in a straight-forward way: - If the symbol belongs to one or more built-in modules: - If we were working on the same module(s), extend the range to include this object - If we were working on another module(s), close that range, and start the new one - If the symbol does not belong to any built-in modules: - If we were working on a module(s) range, close that range Signed-off-by: Kris Van Hees <kris.van.hees@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Nick Alcock <nick.alcock@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Alan Maguire <alan.maguire@oracle.com> Reviewed-by: Steven Rostedt (Google) <rostedt@goodmis.org> Tested-by: Sam James <sam@gentoo.org> Reviewed-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com> Tested-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com> Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2024-09-01kbuild: remove *.symversions left-overMasahiro Yamada1-1/+0
Commit 5ce2176b81f7 ("genksyms: adjust the output format to modpost") stopped generating *.symversions files. Remove the left-over from the .gitignore file and the 'clean' rule. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org>
2024-09-01Remove *.orig pattern from .gitignoreLaurent Pinchart1-1/+0
Commit 3f1b0e1f2875 (".gitignore update") added *.orig and *.rej patterns to .gitignore in v2.6.23. The commit message didn't give a rationale. Later on, commit 1f5d3a6b6532 ("Remove *.rej pattern from .gitignore") removed the *.rej pattern in v2.6.26, on the rationale that *.rej files indicated something went really wrong and should not be ignored. The *.rej files are now shown by `git status`, which helps located conflicts when applying patches and lowers the probability that they will go unnoticed. It is however still easy to overlook the *.orig files which slowly polute the source tree. That's not as big of a deal as not noticing a conflict, but it's still not nice. Drop the *.orig pattern from .gitignore to avoid this and help keep the source tree clean. Signed-off-by: Laurent Pinchart <laurent.pinchart@ideasonboard.com> [masahiroy@kernel.org: I do not have a strong opinion about this. Perhaps some people may have a different opinion. If you are someone who wants to ignore *.orig, it is likely you would want to do so across all projects. Then, $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore would be more suitable for your needs. gitignore(5) suggests, "Patterns which a user wants Git to ignore in all situations generally go into a file specified by core.excludesFile in the user's ~/.gitconfig". Please note that you cannot do the opposite; if *.orig is ignored by the project's .gitignore, you cannot override the decision because $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore has a lower priority. If *.orig is sitting on the fence, I'd leave it to the users. ] Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2024-08-09.gitignore: add .gcda filesVegard Nossum1-0/+1
These files contain the runtime coverage data generated by gcov. Signed-off-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Chuck Lever <chuck.lever@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Allison Henderson <allison.henderson@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2024-07-21kbuild: add script and target to generate pacman packageThomas Weißschuh1-0/+6
pacman is the package manager used by Arch Linux and its derivates. Creating native packages from the kernel tree has multiple advantages: * The package triggers the correct hooks for initramfs generation and bootloader configuration * Uninstallation is complete and also invokes the relevant hooks * New UAPI headers can be installed without any manual bookkeeping The PKGBUILD file is a modified version of the one used for the downstream Arch Linux "linux" package. Extra steps that should not be necessary for a development kernel have been removed and an UAPI header package has been added. Signed-off-by: Thomas Weißschuh <linux@weissschuh.net> Reviewed-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org> Tested-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2024-02-19kbuild: create a list of all built DTB filesMasahiro Yamada1-0/+1
It is useful to have a list of all *.dtb and *.dtbo files generated from the current build. With this commit, 'make dtbs' creates arch/*/boot/dts/dtbs-list, which lists the dtb(o) files created in the current build. It maintains the order of the dtb-y additions in Makefiles although the order is not important for DTBs. It is a (good) side effect through the reuse of the modules.order rule. Please note this list only includes the files directly added to dtb-y. For example, consider this case: foo-dtbs := foo_base.dtb foo_overlay.dtbo dtb-y := foo.dtb In this example, the list will include foo.dtb, but not foo_base.dtb or foo_overlay.dtbo. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2023-12-28Add .editorconfig file for basic formattingÍñigo Huguet1-0/+1
EditorConfig is a specification to define the most basic code formatting stuff, and it's supported by many editors and IDEs, either directly or via plugins, including VSCode/VSCodium, Vim, emacs and more. It allows to define formatting style related to indentation, charset, end of lines and trailing whitespaces. It also allows to apply different formats for different files based on wildcards, so for example it is possible to apply different configs to *.{c,h}, *.py and *.rs. In linux project, defining a .editorconfig might help to those people that work on different projects with different indentation styles, so they cannot define a global style. Now they will directly see the correct indentation on every fresh clone of the project. See https://editorconfig.org Co-developed-by: Danny Lin <danny@kdrag0n.dev> Signed-off-by: Danny Lin <danny@kdrag0n.dev> Signed-off-by: Íñigo Huguet <ihuguet@redhat.com> Acked-by: Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net> Reviewed-by: Vincent Mailhol <mailhol.vincent@wanadoo.fr> Tested-by: Vincent Mailhol <mailhol.vincent@wanadoo.fr> Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2023-10-03kbuild: rpm-pkg: generate kernel.spec in rpmbuild/SPECS/Masahiro Yamada1-1/+0
kernel.spec is the last piece that resides outside the rpmbuild/ directory. Move all the RPM-related files to rpmbuild/ consistently. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org> Tested-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org>
2023-07-24kbuild: rpm-pkg: rename binkernel.spec to kernel.specMasahiro Yamada1-1/+1
Now kernel.spec and binkernel.spec have the exactly same contents. Use kernel.spec for binrpm-pkg as well. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2023-07-05Revert ".gitignore: ignore *.cover and *.mbx"Linus Torvalds1-2/+0
This reverts commit 534066a983df0935847061c844eb178f8a53a9e7. It's actively detrimental in that it hides files that shouldn't be hidden. If I have some b4 mbx file in my git directory, it either was already applied with "git am" and is now stale, or maybe it's waiting for that to happen. In neither case is "ignore it" the right option. Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2023-06-22kbuild: implement CONFIG_TRIM_UNUSED_KSYMS without recursionMasahiro Yamada1-2/+0
When CONFIG_TRIM_UNUSED_KSYMS is enabled, Kbuild recursively traverses the directory tree to determine which EXPORT_SYMBOL to trim. If an EXPORT_SYMBOL turns out to be unused by anyone, Kbuild begins the second traverse, where some source files are recompiled with their EXPORT_SYMBOL() tuned into a no-op. Linus stated negative opinions about this slowness in commits: - 5cf0fd591f2e ("Kbuild: disable TRIM_UNUSED_KSYMS option") - a555bdd0c58c ("Kbuild: enable TRIM_UNUSED_KSYMS again, with some guarding") We can do this better now. The final data structures of EXPORT_SYMBOL are generated by the modpost stage, so modpost can selectively emit KSYMTAB entries that are really used by modules. Commit f73edc8951b2 ("kbuild: unify two modpost invocations") is another ground-work to do this in a one-pass algorithm. With the list of modules, modpost sets sym->used if it is used by a module. modpost emits KSYMTAB only for symbols with sym->used==true. BTW, Nicolas explained why the trimming was implemented with recursion: https://lore.kernel.org/all/2o2rpn97-79nq-p7s2-nq5-8p83391473r@syhkavp.arg/ Actually, we never achieved that level of optimization where the chain reaction of trimming comes into play because: - CONFIG_LTO_CLANG cannot remove any unused symbols - CONFIG_LD_DEAD_CODE_DATA_ELIMINATION is enabled only for vmlinux, but not modules If deeper trimming is required, we need to revisit this, but I guess that is unlikely to happen. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2023-04-24Merge tag 'linux-kselftest-kunit-6.4-rc1' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-0/+1
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/shuah/linux-kselftest Pull KUnit updates from Shuah Khan: - several fixes to kunit tool - new klist structure test - support for m68k under QEMU - support for overriding the QEMU serial port - support for SH under QEMU * tag 'linux-kselftest-kunit-6.4-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/shuah/linux-kselftest: kunit: add tests for using current KUnit test field kunit: tool: Add support for SH under QEMU kunit: tool: Add support for overriding the QEMU serial port .gitignore: Unignore .kunitconfig list: test: Test the klist structure kunit: increase KUNIT_LOG_SIZE to 2048 bytes kunit: Use gfp in kunit_alloc_resource() kernel-doc kunit: tool: fix pre-existing `mypy --strict` errors and update run_checks.py kunit: tool: remove unused imports and variables kunit: tool: add subscripts for type annotations where appropriate kunit: fix bug of extra newline characters in debugfs logs kunit: fix bug in the order of lines in debugfs logs kunit: fix bug in debugfs logs of parameterized tests kunit: tool: Add support for m68k under QEMU
2023-04-05.gitignore: Unignore .kunitconfigAndy Shevchenko1-0/+1
There are almost dozen of .kunitconfig files that are ignored but tracked. Unignore them. Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Reviewed-by: David Gow <davidgow@google.com> Signed-off-by: Shuah Khan <skhan@linuxfoundation.org>
2023-03-16kbuild: rpm-pkg: move source components to rpmbuild/SOURCESMasahiro Yamada1-0/+1
Prepare to add more files to the source RPM. Also, fix the build error when KCONFIG_CONFIG is set: error: Bad file: ./.config: No such file or directory Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2023-02-05.gitignore: ignore *.cover and *.mbxMasahiro Yamada1-0/+2
The 'b4' command creates a *.mbx file, and also a *.cover file if the patch set has a cover-letter. Ignore them. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Nicolas Schier <nicolas@fjasle.eu> Reviewed-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>
2023-01-22.gitignore: update the command to check tracked files being ignoredMasahiro Yamada1-1/+1
Recent git versions do not accept the noted command. $ git ls-files -i --exclude-standard fatal: ls-files -i must be used with either -o or -c The -c was implied before, but we need to make it explicit since git commit b338e9f66873 ("ls-files: error out on -i unless -o or -c are specified"). Also, replace --exclude-standard with --exclude-per-directory=.gitignore so that everyone will get consistent results. git-ls-files(1) says: --exclude-standard Add the standard Git exclusions: .git/info/exclude, .gitignore in each directory, and the user's global exclusion file. We cannot predict what is locally added to .git/info/exclude or the user's global exclusion file. We can only manage .gitignore files committed to the repository. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
2022-12-30.gitignore: ignore *.rpmMasahiro Yamada1-0/+1
Previously, *.rpm files were created under $HOME/rpmbuild/, but since commit 8818039f959b ("kbuild: add ability to make source rpm buildable using koji"), srcrpm-pkg creates the source rpm in the kernel tree because it sets '_srcrpmdir'. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2022-11-18kbuild: Cleanup DT Overlay intermediate files as appropriateAndrew Davis1-0/+1
%.dtbo.o and %.dtbo.S files are used to build-in DT Overlay. They should should not be removed by Make or the kernel will be needlessly rebuilt. These should be removed by "clean" and ignored by git like other intermediate files. Reported-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Davis <afd@ti.com> Fixes: 941214a512d8 ("kbuild: Allow DTB overlays to built into .dtbo.S files") Tested-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Acked-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221114205939.27994-1-afd@ti.com Signed-off-by: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
2022-09-28Kbuild: add Rust supportMiguel Ojeda1-0/+2
Having most of the new files in place, we now enable Rust support in the build system, including `Kconfig` entries related to Rust, the Rust configuration printer and a few other bits. Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Reviewed-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com> Tested-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com> Reviewed-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Co-developed-by: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com> Co-developed-by: Finn Behrens <me@kloenk.de> Signed-off-by: Finn Behrens <me@kloenk.de> Co-developed-by: Adam Bratschi-Kaye <ark.email@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Adam Bratschi-Kaye <ark.email@gmail.com> Co-developed-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@google.com> Signed-off-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@google.com> Co-developed-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au> Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au> Co-developed-by: Sven Van Asbroeck <thesven73@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Sven Van Asbroeck <thesven73@gmail.com> Co-developed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net> Signed-off-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net> Co-developed-by: Boris-Chengbiao Zhou <bobo1239@web.de> Signed-off-by: Boris-Chengbiao Zhou <bobo1239@web.de> Co-developed-by: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com> Co-developed-by: Douglas Su <d0u9.su@outlook.com> Signed-off-by: Douglas Su <d0u9.su@outlook.com> Co-developed-by: Dariusz Sosnowski <dsosnowski@dsosnowski.pl> Signed-off-by: Dariusz Sosnowski <dsosnowski@dsosnowski.pl> Co-developed-by: Antonio Terceiro <antonio.terceiro@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Antonio Terceiro <antonio.terceiro@linaro.org> Co-developed-by: Daniel Xu <dxu@dxuuu.xyz> Signed-off-by: Daniel Xu <dxu@dxuuu.xyz> Co-developed-by: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com> Signed-off-by: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com> Co-developed-by: Martin Rodriguez Reboredo <yakoyoku@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Martin Rodriguez Reboredo <yakoyoku@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
2022-09-28rust: add `.rustfmt.toml`Miguel Ojeda1-0/+1
This is the configuration file for the `rustfmt` tool. `rustfmt` is a tool for formatting Rust code according to style guidelines. It is very commonly used across Rust projects. The default configuration options are used. Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Co-developed-by: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com> Co-developed-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@google.com> Signed-off-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@google.com> Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
2022-09-28scripts: add `generate_rust_analyzer.py`Miguel Ojeda1-0/+3
The `generate_rust_analyzer.py` script generates the configuration file (`rust-project.json`) for rust-analyzer. rust-analyzer is a modular compiler frontend for the Rust language. It provides an LSP server which can be used in editors such as VS Code, Emacs or Vim. Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Co-developed-by: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@gmail.com> Co-developed-by: Finn Behrens <me@kloenk.de> Signed-off-by: Finn Behrens <me@kloenk.de> Co-developed-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@google.com> Signed-off-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@google.com> Co-developed-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net> Signed-off-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net> Co-developed-by: Boris-Chengbiao Zhou <bobo1239@web.de> Signed-off-by: Boris-Chengbiao Zhou <bobo1239@web.de> Co-developed-by: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com> Signed-off-by: Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@protonmail.com> Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org>
2022-05-07kbuild: split the second line of *.mod into *.usymsMasahiro Yamada1-0/+1
The *.mod files have two lines; the first line lists the member objects of the module, and the second line, if CONFIG_TRIM_UNUSED_KSYMS=y, lists the undefined symbols. Currently, we generate *.mod after constructing composite modules, otherwise, we cannot compute the second line. No prerequisite is required to print the first line. They are orthogonal. Splitting them into separate commands will ease further cleanups. This commit splits the list of undefined symbols out to *.usyms files. Previously, the list of undefined symbols ended up with a very long line, but now it has one symbol per line. Use sed like we did before commit 7d32358be8ac ("kbuild: avoid split lines in .mod files"). Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Nicolas Schier <nicolas@fjasle.eu>
2021-05-01.gitignore: ignore only top-level modules.builtinMasahiro Yamada1-1/+1
modules.builtin used to be created in every directory. Since commit 8b41fc4454e3 ("kbuild: create modules.builtin without Makefile.modbuiltin or tristate.conf"), modules.builtin is created only in the top directory. Add the '/' prefix so that it matches to only the modules.builtin located in the top directory. It has been more than one year since that change. I hope this will not flood 'Untracked files' of 'git status'. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2021-05-01.gitignore: move tags and TAGS close to other tag filesMasahiro Yamada1-2/+4
For consistency, move tags and TAGS close to the cscope and GNU Global patterns. I removed the '/' prefix in case somebody wants to manually create tag files in sub-directories. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2021-04-24kbuild: generate Module.symvers only when vmlinux existsMasahiro Yamada1-0/+1
The external module build shows the following warning if Module.symvers is missing in the kernel tree. WARNING: Symbol version dump "Module.symvers" is missing. Modules may not have dependencies or modversions. I think this is an important heads-up because the resulting modules may not work as expected. This happens when you did not build the entire kernel tree, for example, you might have prepared the minimal setups for external modules by 'make defconfig && make modules_preapre'. A problem is that 'make modules' creates Module.symvers even without vmlinux. In this case, that warning is suppressed since Module.symvers already exists in spite of its incomplete content. The incomplete (i.e. invalid) Module.symvers should not be created. This commit changes the second pass of modpost to dump symbols into modules-only.symvers. The final Module.symvers is created by concatenating vmlinux.symvers and modules-only.symvers if both exist. Module.symvers is supposed to collect symbols from both vmlinux and modules. It might be a bit confusing, and I am not quite sure if it is an official interface, but presumably it is difficult to rename it because some tools (e.g. kmod) parse it. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2021-04-24kbuild: add CONFIG_VMLINUX_MAP expert optionRasmus Villemoes1-0/+1
It can be quite useful to have ld emit a link map file, in order to debug or verify that special sections end up where they are supposed to, and to see what LD_DEAD_CODE_DATA_ELIMINATION manages to get rid of. The only reason I'm not just adding this unconditionally is that the .map file can be rather large (several MB), and that's a waste of space when one isn't interested in these things. Also make it depend on CONFIG_EXPERT. Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2021-02-23Merge tag 'clang-lto-v5.12-rc1' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-0/+1
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kees/linux Pull clang LTO updates from Kees Cook: "Clang Link Time Optimization. This is built on the work done preparing for LTO by arm64 folks, tracing folks, etc. This includes the core changes as well as the remaining pieces for arm64 (LTO has been the default build method on Android for about 3 years now, as it is the prerequisite for the Control Flow Integrity protections). While x86 LTO enablement is done, it depends on some pending objtool clean-ups. It's possible that I'll send a "part 2" pull request for LTO that includes x86 support. For merge log posterity, and as detailed in commit dc5723b02e52 ("kbuild: add support for Clang LTO"), here is the lt;dr to do an LTO build: make LLVM=1 LLVM_IAS=1 defconfig scripts/config -e LTO_CLANG_THIN make LLVM=1 LLVM_IAS=1 (To do a cross-compile of arm64, add "CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu-" and "ARCH=arm64" to the "make" command lines.) Summary: - Clang LTO build infrastructure and arm64-specific enablement (Sami Tolvanen) - Recursive build CC_FLAGS_LTO fix (Alexander Lobakin)" * tag 'clang-lto-v5.12-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kees/linux: kbuild: prevent CC_FLAGS_LTO self-bloating on recursive rebuilds arm64: allow LTO to be selected arm64: disable recordmcount with DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS arm64: vdso: disable LTO drivers/misc/lkdtm: disable LTO for rodata.o efi/libstub: disable LTO scripts/mod: disable LTO for empty.c modpost: lto: strip .lto from module names PCI: Fix PREL32 relocations for LTO init: lto: fix PREL32 relocations init: lto: ensure initcall ordering kbuild: lto: add a default list of used symbols kbuild: lto: merge module sections kbuild: lto: limit inlining kbuild: lto: fix module versioning kbuild: add support for Clang LTO tracing: move function tracer options to Kconfig
2021-02-04kbuild: Add support to build overlays (%.dtbo)Viresh Kumar1-0/+1
Add support for building DT overlays (%.dtbo). The overlay's source file will have the usual extension, i.e. .dts, though the blob will have .dtbo extension to distinguish it from normal blobs. Acked-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/434ba2467dd0cd011565625aeb3450650afe0aae.1611904394.git.viresh.kumar@linaro.org
2021-01-14kbuild: lto: fix module versioningSami Tolvanen1-0/+1
With CONFIG_MODVERSIONS, version information is linked into each compilation unit that exports symbols. With LTO, we cannot use this method as all C code is compiled into LLVM bitcode instead. This change collects symbol versions into .symversions files and merges them in link-vmlinux.sh where they are all linked into vmlinux.o at the same time. Signed-off-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com> Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20201211184633.3213045-4-samitolvanen@google.com
2020-09-10.gitignore: docs: ignore sphinx_*/ directoriesMauro Carvalho Chehab1-0/+3
The default way of building documentation is to use Sphinx toolchain installed via pip, inside the Kernel tree main directory. That's what's recommended by: scripts/sphinx-pre-install As it usually provides a better version of this package than the one installed, specially on LTS distros. So, add the directories created by running the commands suggested by the script. Signed-off-by: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+huawei@kernel.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/ac4e23d556c7d95cb11d6d5c605f43e425b2c3c7.1599660067.git.mchehab+huawei@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
2020-07-31.gitignore: Add ZSTD-compressed filesAdam Borowski1-0/+1
For now, that's arch/x86/boot/compressed/vmlinux.bin.zst but probably more will come, thus let's be consistent with all other compressors. Signed-off-by: Adam Borowski <kilobyte@angband.pl> Signed-off-by: Nick Terrell <terrelln@fb.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Tested-by: Sedat Dilek <sedat.dilek@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200730190841.2071656-8-nickrterrell@gmail.com
2020-07-05.gitignore: Do not track `defconfig` from `make savedefconfig`Paul Menzel1-0/+3
Running `make savedefconfig` creates by default `defconfig`, which is, currently, on git’s radar, for example, `git status` lists this file as untracked. So, add the file to `.gitignore`, so it’s ignored by git. Signed-off-by: Paul Menzel <pmenzel@molgen.mpg.de> Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2020-06-06modpost: generate vmlinux.symvers and reuse it for the second modpostMasahiro Yamada1-0/+1
The full build runs modpost twice, first for vmlinux.o and second for modules. The first pass dumps all the vmlinux symbols into Module.symvers, but the second pass parses vmlinux again instead of reusing the dump file, presumably because it needs to avoid accumulating stale symbols. Loading symbol info from a dump file is faster than parsing an ELF object. Besides, modpost deals with various issues to parse vmlinux in the second pass. A solution is to make the first pass dumps symbols into a separate file, vmlinux.symvers. The second pass reads it, and parses module .o files. The merged symbol information is dumped into Module.symvers in the same way as before. This makes further modpost cleanups possible. Also, it fixes the problem of 'make vmlinux', which previously overwrote Module.symvers, throwing away module symbols. I slightly touched scripts/link-vmlinux.sh so that vmlinux is re-linked when you cross this commit. Otherwise, vmlinux.symvers would not be generated. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2020-03-25.gitignore: add SPDX License IdentifierMasahiro Yamada1-0/+1
Add SPDX License Identifier to all .gitignore files. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2020-03-02selftest/lkdtm: Use local .gitignoreChristophe Leroy1-4/+0
Commit 68ca0fd272da ("selftest/lkdtm: Don't pollute 'git status'") introduced patterns for git to ignore files generated in tools/testing/selftests/lkdtm/ Use local .gitignore file instead of using the root one. Fixes: 68ca0fd272da ("selftest/lkdtm: Don't pollute 'git status'") Signed-off-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr> Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Shuah Khan <skhan@linuxfoundation.org>
2020-02-20selftest/lkdtm: Don't pollute 'git status'Christophe Leroy1-0/+4
Commit 46d1a0f03d66 ("selftests/lkdtm: Add tests for LKDTM targets") added generation of lkdtm test scripts. Ignore those generated scripts when performing 'git status' Fixes: 46d1a0f03d66 ("selftests/lkdtm: Add tests for LKDTM targets") Signed-off-by: Christophe Leroy <christophe.leroy@c-s.fr> Signed-off-by: Shuah Khan <skhan@linuxfoundation.org>
2019-11-11modpost: dump missing namespaces into a single modules.nsdeps fileMasahiro Yamada1-1/+1
The modpost, with the -d option given, generates per-module .ns_deps files. Kbuild generates per-module .mod files to carry module information. This is convenient because Make handles multiple jobs in parallel when the -j option is given. On the other hand, the modpost always runs as a single thread. I do not see a strong reason to produce separate .ns_deps files. This commit changes the modpost to generate just one file, modules.nsdeps, each line of which has the following format: <module_name>: <list of missing namespaces> Please note it contains *missing* namespaces instead of required ones. So, modules.nsdeps is empty if the namespace dependency is all good. This will work more efficiently because spatch will no longer process already imported namespaces. I removed the '(if needed)' from the nsdeps log since spatch is invoked only when needed. This also solves the stale .ns_deps problem reported by Jessica Yu: https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/10/28/467 Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com> Tested-by: Jessica Yu <jeyu@kernel.org> Acked-by: Jessica Yu <jeyu@kernel.org> Reviewed-by: Matthias Maennich <maennich@google.com> Tested-by: Matthias Maennich <maennich@google.com>
2019-09-22Merge tag 'modules-for-v5.4' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-0/+1
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeyu/linux Pull modules updates from Jessica Yu: "The main bulk of this pull request introduces a new exported symbol namespaces feature. The number of exported symbols is increasingly growing with each release (we're at about 31k exports as of 5.3-rc7) and we currently have no way of visualizing how these symbols are "clustered" or making sense of this huge export surface. Namespacing exported symbols allows kernel developers to more explicitly partition and categorize exported symbols, as well as more easily limiting the availability of namespaced symbols to other parts of the kernel. For starters, we have introduced the USB_STORAGE namespace to demonstrate the API's usage. I have briefly summarized the feature and its main motivations in the tag below. Summary: - Introduce exported symbol namespaces. This new feature allows subsystem maintainers to partition and categorize their exported symbols into explicit namespaces. Module authors are now required to import the namespaces they need. Some of the main motivations of this feature include: allowing kernel developers to better manage the export surface, allow subsystem maintainers to explicitly state that usage of some exported symbols should only be limited to certain users (think: inter-module or inter-driver symbols, debugging symbols, etc), as well as more easily limiting the availability of namespaced symbols to other parts of the kernel. With the module import requirement, it is also easier to spot the misuse of exported symbols during patch review. Two new macros are introduced: EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS() and EXPORT_SYMBOL_NS_GPL(). The API is thoroughly documented in Documentation/kbuild/namespaces.rst. - Some small code and kbuild cleanups here and there" * tag 'modules-for-v5.4' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeyu/linux: module: Remove leftover '#undef' from export header module: remove unneeded casts in cmp_name() module: move CONFIG_UNUSED_SYMBOLS to the sub-menu of MODULES module: remove redundant 'depends on MODULES' module: Fix link failure due to invalid relocation on namespace offset usb-storage: export symbols in USB_STORAGE namespace usb-storage: remove single-use define for debugging docs: Add documentation for Symbol Namespaces scripts: Coccinelle script for namespace dependencies. modpost: add support for generating namespace dependencies export: allow definition default namespaces in Makefiles or sources module: add config option MODULE_ALLOW_MISSING_NAMESPACE_IMPORTS modpost: add support for symbol namespaces module: add support for symbol namespaces. export: explicitly align struct kernel_symbol module: support reading multiple values per modinfo tag
2019-09-10modpost: add support for generating namespace dependenciesMatthias Maennich1-0/+1
This patch adds an option to modpost to generate a <module>.ns_deps file per module, containing the namespace dependencies for that module. E.g. if the linked module my-module.ko would depend on the symbol myfunc.MY_NS in the namespace MY_NS, the my-module.ns_deps file created by modpost would contain the entry MY_NS to express the namespace dependency of my-module imposed by using the symbol myfunc. These files can subsequently be used by static analysis tools (like coccinelle scripts) to address issues with missing namespace imports. A later patch of this series will introduce such a script 'nsdeps' and a corresponding make target to automatically add missing MODULE_IMPORT_NS() definitions to the module's sources. For that it uses the information provided in the generated .ns_deps files. Co-developed-by: Martijn Coenen <maco@android.com> Signed-off-by: Martijn Coenen <maco@android.com> Reviewed-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Signed-off-by: Matthias Maennich <maennich@google.com> Signed-off-by: Jessica Yu <jeyu@kernel.org>
2019-08-21.gitignore: ignore modules.order explicitlyMasahiro Yamada1-1/+1
The pattern '*.order' was added by commit c6025f4c8bbe ("kbuild: ignore *.order files") to ignore modules.order files. I do not see any other user of the '.order' extension. Ignore 'modules.order' explicitly instead of '*.order'. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
2019-07-27.gitignore: Add compilation database fileToru Komatsu1-0/+3
This file is used by clangd to use language server protocol. It can be generated at each compile using scripts/gen_compile_commands.py. Therefore it is different depending on the environment and should be ignored. Signed-off-by: Toru Komatsu <k0ma@utam0k.jp> Reviewed-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com> Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
2019-07-17kbuild: create *.mod with full directory path and remove MODVERDIRMasahiro Yamada1-0/+1
While descending directories, Kbuild produces objects for modules, but do not link final *.ko files; it is done in the modpost. To keep track of modules, Kbuild creates a *.mod file in $(MODVERDIR) for every module it is building. Some post-processing steps read the necessary information from *.mod files. This avoids descending into directories again. This mechanism was introduced in 2003 or so. Later, commit 551559e13af1 ("kbuild: implement modules.order") added modules.order. So, we can simply read it out to know all the modules with directory paths. This is easier than parsing the first line of *.mod files. $(MODVERDIR) has a flat directory structure, that is, *.mod files are named only with base names. This is based on the assumption that the module name is unique across the tree. This assumption is really fragile. Stephen Rothwell reported a race condition caused by a module name conflict: https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/5/13/991 In parallel building, two different threads could write to the same $(MODVERDIR)/*.mod simultaneously. Non-unique module names are the source of all kind of troubles, hence commit 3a48a91901c5 ("kbuild: check uniqueness of module names") introduced a new checker script. However, it is still fragile in the build system point of view because this race happens before scripts/modules-check.sh is invoked. If it happens again, the modpost will emit unclear error messages. To fix this issue completely, create *.mod with full directory path so that two threads never attempt to write to the same file. $(MODVERDIR) is no longer needed. Since modules with directory paths are listed in modules.order, Kbuild is still able to find *.mod files without additional descending. I also killed cmd_secanalysis; scripts/mod/sumversion.c computes MD4 hash for modules with MODULE_VERSION(). When CONFIG_DEBUG_SECTION_MISMATCH=y, it occurs not only in the modpost stage, but also during directory descending, where sumversion.c may parse stale *.mod files. It would emit 'No such file or directory' warning when an object consisting a module is renamed, or when a single-obj module is turned into a multi-obj module or vice versa. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com> Acked-by: Nicolas Pitre <nico@fluxnic.net>
2019-05-18.gitignore: exclude .get_maintainer.ignore and .gitattributesMasahiro Yamada1-3/+5
Also, sort the patterns alphabetically. Update the comment since we have non-git files here. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
2019-05-08.gitignore: add more all*.config patternsMasahiro Yamada1-1/+6
For completeness, ignore all the allconfig variants. I added a leading slash because they are only searched in the top of the tree. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
2019-05-07moduleparam: Save information about built-in modules in separate fileAlexey Gladkov1-0/+1
Problem: When a kernel module is compiled as a separate module, some important information about the kernel module is available via .modinfo section of the module. In contrast, when the kernel module is compiled into the kernel, that information is not available. Information about built-in modules is necessary in the following cases: 1. When it is necessary to find out what additional parameters can be passed to the kernel at boot time. 2. When you need to know which module names and their aliases are in the kernel. This is very useful for creating an initrd image. Proposal: The proposed patch does not remove .modinfo section with module information from the vmlinux at the build time and saves it into a separate file after kernel linking. So, the kernel does not increase in size and no additional information remains in it. Information is stored in the same format as in the separate modules (null-terminated string array). Because the .modinfo section is already exported with a separate modules, we are not creating a new API. It can be easily read in the userspace: $ tr '\0' '\n' < modules.builtin.modinfo ext4.softdep=pre: crc32c ext4.license=GPL ext4.description=Fourth Extended Filesystem ext4.author=Remy Card, Stephen Tweedie, Andrew Morton, Andreas Dilger, Theodore Ts'o and others ext4.alias=fs-ext4 ext4.alias=ext3 ext4.alias=fs-ext3 ext4.alias=ext2 ext4.alias=fs-ext2 md_mod.alias=block-major-9-* md_mod.alias=md md_mod.description=MD RAID framework md_mod.license=GPL md_mod.parmtype=create_on_open:bool md_mod.parmtype=start_dirty_degraded:int ... Co-Developed-by: Gleb Fotengauer-Malinovskiy <glebfm@altlinux.org> Signed-off-by: Gleb Fotengauer-Malinovskiy <glebfm@altlinux.org> Signed-off-by: Alexey Gladkov <gladkov.alexey@gmail.com> Acked-by: Jessica Yu <jeyu@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
2019-05-07.gitignore: add leading and trailing slashes to generated directoriesMasahiro Yamada1-4/+4
Clarify these directory paths are relative to the top of the source tree. Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
2018-12-13kbuild: Add support for DT binding schema checksRob Herring1-0/+1
This adds the build infrastructure for checking DT binding schema documents and validating dts files using the binding schema. Check DT binding schema documents: make dt_binding_check Build dts files and check using DT binding schema: make dtbs_check Optionally, DT_SCHEMA_FILES can be passed in with a schema file(s) to use for validation. This makes it easier to find and fix errors generated by a specific schema. Currently, the validation targets are separate from a normal build to avoid a hard dependency on the external DT schema project and because there are lots of warnings generated. Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com> Acked-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com> Cc: Michal Marek <michal.lkml@markovi.net> Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org Cc: devicetree@vger.kernel.org Cc: linux-kbuild@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Rob Herring <robh@kernel.org>
2018-04-16Merge tag 'kbuild-v4.17-2' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-4/+3
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild Pull more Kbuild updates from Masahiro Yamada: - pass HOSTLDFLAGS when compiling single .c host programs - build genksyms lexer and parser files instead of using shipped versions - rename *-asn1.[ch] to *.asn1.[ch] for suffix consistency - let the top .gitignore globally ignore artifacts generated by flex, bison, and asn1_compiler - let the top Makefile globally clean artifacts generated by flex, bison, and asn1_compiler - use safer .SECONDARY marker instead of .PRECIOUS to prevent intermediate files from being removed - support -fmacro-prefix-map option to make __FILE__ a relative path - fix # escaping to prepare for the future GNU Make release - clean up deb-pkg by using debian tools instead of handrolled source/changes generation - improve rpm-pkg portability by supporting kernel-install as a fallback of new-kernel-pkg - extend Kconfig listnewconfig target to provide more information * tag 'kbuild-v4.17-2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild: kconfig: extend output of 'listnewconfig' kbuild: rpm-pkg: use kernel-install as a fallback for new-kernel-pkg Kbuild: fix # escaping in .cmd files for future Make kbuild: deb-pkg: split generating packaging and build kbuild: use -fmacro-prefix-map to make __FILE__ a relative path kbuild: mark $(targets) as .SECONDARY and remove .PRECIOUS markers kbuild: rename *-asn1.[ch] to *.asn1.[ch] kbuild: clean up *-asn1.[ch] patterns from top-level Makefile .gitignore: move *-asn1.[ch] patterns to the top-level .gitignore kbuild: add %.dtb.S and %.dtb to 'targets' automatically kbuild: add %.lex.c and %.tab.[ch] to 'targets' automatically genksyms: generate lexer and parser during build instead of shipping kbuild: clean up *.lex.c and *.tab.[ch] patterns from top-level Makefile .gitignore: move *.lex.c *.tab.[ch] patterns to the top-level .gitignore kbuild: use HOSTLDFLAGS for single .c executables
2018-04-11clang-format: add configuration fileMiguel Ojeda1-0/+1
clang-format is a tool to format C/C++/... code according to a set of rules and heuristics. Like most tools, it is not perfect nor covers every single case, but it is good enough to be helpful. In particular, it is useful for quickly re-formatting blocks of code automatically, for reviewing full files in order to spot coding style mistakes, typos and possible improvements. It is also handy for sorting ``#includes``, for aligning variables and macros, for reflowing text and other similar tasks. It also serves as a teaching tool/guide for newcomers. The tool itself has been already included in the repositories of popular Linux distributions for a long time. The rules in this file are intended for clang-format >= 4, which is easily available in most distributions. This commit adds the configuration file that contains the rules that the tool uses to know how to format the code according to the kernel coding style. This gives us several advantages: * clang-format works out of the box with reasonable defaults; avoiding that everyone has to re-do the configuration. * Everyone agrees (eventually) on what is the most useful default configuration for most of the kernel. * If it becomes commonplace among kernel developers, clang-format may feel compelled to support us better. They already recognize the Linux kernel and its style in their documentation and in one of the style sub-options. Some of clang-format's features relevant for the kernel are: * Uses clang's tooling support behind the scenes to parse and rewrite the code. It is not based on ad-hoc regexps. * Supports reasonably well the Linux kernel coding style. * Fast enough to be used at the press of a key. * There are already integrations (either built-in or third-party) for many common editors used by kernel developers (e.g. vim, emacs, Sublime, Atom...) that allow you to format an entire file or, more usefully, just your selection. * Able to parse unified diffs -- you can, for instance, reformat only the lines changed by a git commit. * Able to reflow text comments as well. * Widely supported and used by hundreds of developers in highly complex projects and organizations (e.g. the LLVM project itself, Chromium, WebKit, Google, Mozilla...). Therefore, it will be supported for a long time. See more information about the tool at: https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormat.html https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ClangFormatStyleOptions.html Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180318171632.qfkemw3mwbcukth6@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Miguel Ojeda <miguel.ojeda.sandonis@gmail.com> Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> Cc: Andy Whitcroft <apw@canonical.com> Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>