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.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
======================================================
Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET) Shadow Stack
======================================================
CET Background
==============
Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET) covers several related x86 processor
features that provide protection against control flow hijacking attacks. CET
can protect both applications and the kernel.
CET introduces shadow stack and indirect branch tracking (IBT). A shadow stack
is a secondary stack allocated from memory which cannot be directly modified by
applications. When executing a CALL instruction, the processor pushes the
return address to both the normal stack and the shadow stack. Upon
function return, the processor pops the shadow stack copy and compares it
to the normal stack copy. If the two differ, the processor raises a
control-protection fault. IBT verifies indirect CALL/JMP targets are intended
as marked by the compiler with 'ENDBR' opcodes. Not all CPU's have both Shadow
Stack and Indirect Branch Tracking. Today in the 64-bit kernel, only userspace
shadow stack and kernel IBT are supported.
Requirements to use Shadow Stack
================================
To use userspace shadow stack you need HW that supports it, a kernel
configured with it and userspace libraries compiled with it.
The kernel Kconfig option is X86_USER_SHADOW_STACK. When compiled in, shadow
stacks can be disabled at runtime with the kernel parameter: nousershstk.
To build a user shadow stack enabled kernel, Binutils v2.29 or LLVM v6 or later
are required.
At run time, /proc/cpuinfo shows CET features if the processor supports
CET. "user_shstk" means that userspace shadow stack is supported on the current
kernel and HW.
Application Enabling
====================
An application's CET capability is marked in its ELF note and can be verified
from readelf/llvm-readelf output::
readelf -n <application> | grep -a SHSTK
properties: x86 feature: SHSTK
The kernel does not process these applications markers directly. Applications
or loaders must enable CET features using the interface described in section 4.
Typically this would be done in dynamic loader or static runtime objects, as is
the case in GLIBC.
Enabling arch_prctl()'s
=======================
Elf features should be enabled by the loader using the below arch_prctl's. They
are only supported in 64 bit user applications. These operate on the features
on a per-thread basis. The enablement status is inherited on clone, so if the
feature is enabled on the first thread, it will propagate to all the thread's
in an app.
arch_prctl(ARCH_SHSTK_ENABLE, unsigned long feature)
Enable a single feature specified in 'feature'. Can only operate on
one feature at a time.
arch_prctl(ARCH_SHSTK_DISABLE, unsigned long feature)
Disable a single feature specified in 'feature'. Can only operate on
one feature at a time.
arch_prctl(ARCH_SHSTK_LOCK, unsigned long features)
Lock in features at their current enabled or disabled status. 'features'
is a mask of all features to lock. All bits set are processed, unset bits
are ignored. The mask is ORed with the existing value. So any feature bits
set here cannot be enabled or disabled afterwards.
arch_prctl(ARCH_SHSTK_UNLOCK, unsigned long features)
Unlock features. 'features' is a mask of all features to unlock. All
bits set are processed, unset bits are ignored. Only works via ptrace.
The return values are as follows. On success, return 0. On error, errno can
be::
-EPERM if any of the passed feature are locked.
-ENOTSUPP if the feature is not supported by the hardware or
kernel.
-EINVAL arguments (non existing feature, etc)
The feature's bits supported are::
ARCH_SHSTK_SHSTK - Shadow stack
ARCH_SHSTK_WRSS - WRSS
Currently shadow stack and WRSS are supported via this interface. WRSS
can only be enabled with shadow stack, and is automatically disabled
if shadow stack is disabled.
Proc Status
===========
To check if an application is actually running with shadow stack, the
user can read the /proc/$PID/status. It will report "wrss" or "shstk"
depending on what is enabled. The lines look like this::
x86_Thread_features: shstk wrss
x86_Thread_features_locked: shstk wrss
Implementation of the Shadow Stack
==================================
Shadow Stack Size
-----------------
A task's shadow stack is allocated from memory to a fixed size of
MIN(RLIMIT_STACK, 4 GB). In other words, the shadow stack is allocated to
the maximum size of the normal stack, but capped to 4 GB. In the case
of the clone3 syscall, there is a stack size passed in and shadow stack
uses this instead of the rlimit.
Signal
------
The main program and its signal handlers use the same shadow stack. Because
the shadow stack stores only return addresses, a large shadow stack covers
the condition that both the program stack and the signal alternate stack run
out.
When a signal happens, the old pre-signal state is pushed on the stack. When
shadow stack is enabled, the shadow stack specific state is pushed onto the
shadow stack. Today this is only the old SSP (shadow stack pointer), pushed
in a special format with bit 63 set. On sigreturn this old SSP token is
verified and restored by the kernel. The kernel will also push the normal
restorer address to the shadow stack to help userspace avoid a shadow stack
violation on the sigreturn path that goes through the restorer.
So the shadow stack signal frame format is as follows::
|1...old SSP| - Pointer to old pre-signal ssp in sigframe token format
(bit 63 set to 1)
| ...| - Other state may be added in the future
32 bit ABI signals are not supported in shadow stack processes. Linux prevents
32 bit execution while shadow stack is enabled by the allocating shadow stacks
outside of the 32 bit address space. When execution enters 32 bit mode, either
via far call or returning to userspace, a #GP is generated by the hardware
which, will be delivered to the process as a segfault. When transitioning to
userspace the register's state will be as if the userspace ip being returned to
caused the segfault.
Fork
----
The shadow stack's vma has VM_SHADOW_STACK flag set; its PTEs are required
to be read-only and dirty. When a shadow stack PTE is not RO and dirty, a
shadow access triggers a page fault with the shadow stack access bit set
in the page fault error code.
When a task forks a child, its shadow stack PTEs are copied and both the
parent's and the child's shadow stack PTEs are cleared of the dirty bit.
Upon the next shadow stack access, the resulting shadow stack page fault
is handled by page copy/re-use.
When a pthread child is created, the kernel allocates a new shadow stack
for the new thread. New shadow stack creation behaves like mmap() with respect
to ASLR behavior. Similarly, on thread exit the thread's shadow stack is
disabled.
Exec
----
On exec, shadow stack features are disabled by the kernel. At which point,
userspace can choose to re-enable, or lock them.
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