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Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <David.Woodhouse@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
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Since module-init-tools (gzip) and kmod (gzip and xz) support compressed
modules, it could be useful to include a support for compressing modules
right after having them installed. Doing this in kbuild instead of per
distro can permit to make this kind of usage more generic.
This patch add a Kconfig entry to "Enable loadable module support" menu
and let you choose to compress using gzip (default) or xz.
Both gzip and xz does not used any extra -[1-9] option since Andi Kleen
and Rusty Russell prove no gain is made using them. gzip is called with -n
argument to avoid storing original filename inside compressed file, that
way we can save some more bytes.
On a v3.16 kernel, 'make allmodconfig' generated 4680 modules for a
total of 378MB (no strip, no sign, no compress), the following table
shows observed disk space gain based on the allmodconfig .config :
| time |
+-------------+-----------------+
| manual .ko | make | size | percent
| compression | modules_install | | gain
+-------------+-----------------+------+--------
- | | 18.61s | 378M |
GZIP | 3m16s | 3m37s | 102M | 73.41%
XZ | 5m22s | 5m39s | 77M | 79.83%
The gain for restricted environnement seems to be interesting while
uncompress can be time consuming but happens only while loading a module,
that is generally done only once.
This is fully compatible with signed modules while the signed module is
compressed. module-init-tools or kmod handles decompression
and provide to other layer the uncompressed but signed payload.
Reviewed-by: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Signed-off-by: Bertrand Jacquin <beber@meleeweb.net>
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
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Note: shouldn't we use 'install -D $(2)/$@ $@' instead of mkdir
and cp ?
Reviewed-by: Willy Tarreau <w@1wt.eu>
Signed-off-by: Bertrand Jacquin <beber@meleeweb.net>
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
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Signed-off-by: Olaf Hering <olaf@aepfle.de>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
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The script still spits out an error ("Can't read private key") but we
don't break modules_install.
Reported-by: Bruno Wolff III <bruno@wolff.to>
Original-patch-by: Josh Boyer <jwboyer@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
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Linus deleted the old code and put signing on the install command,
I fixed it to extract the keyid and signer-name within sign-file
and cleaned up that script now it always signs in-place.
Some enthusiast should convert sign-key to perl and pull
x509keyid into it.
Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This error may happen when the user's id or path includes .ko string.
For example, user's id is xxx.ko and building test.ko module,
the test.mod file lists ko name and all object files.
/home/xxx.ko/kernel_dev/device/drivers/test.ko
/home/xxx.ko/kernel_dev/device/drivers/test_main.o
/home/xxx.ko/kernel_dev/device/drivers/test_io.o ...
Current Makefile.modpost and Makefile.modinst find and list up not
only test.ko but also other object files.
because all of object file's path includes .ko string.
This is a patch to fix it.
Signed-off-by: Gunho Lee <gunho.lee@lge.com>
Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
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This reverts commit ad7a953c522ceb496611d127e51e278bfe0ff483.
And commit: ("allow stripping of generated symbols under CONFIG_KALLSYMS_ALL")
9bb482476c6c9d1ae033306440c51ceac93ea80c
These stripping patches has caused a set of issues:
1) People have reported compatibility issues with binutils due to
lack of support for `--strip-unneeded-symbols' with objcopy 2.15.92.0.2
Reported by: Wenji
2) ccache and distcc no longer works as expeced
Reported by: Ted, Roland, + others
3) The installed modules increased a lot in size
Reported by: Ted, Davej + others
Reported-by: Wenji Huang <wenji.huang@oracle.com>
Reported-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Reported-by: Dave Jones <davej@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
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This patch changes the way __crc_ symbols are being resolved from
using ld to do so to using the assembler, thus allowing these symbols
to be marked local (the linker creates then as global ones) and hence
allow stripping (for modules) or ignoring (for vmlinux) them. While at
this, also strip other generated symbols during module installation.
One potentially debatable point is the handling of the flags passeed
to gcc when translating the intermediate assembly file into an object:
passing $(c_flags) unchanged doesn't work as gcc passes --gdwarf2 to
gas whenever is sees any -g* option, even for -g0, and despite the
fact that the compiler would have already produced all necessary debug
info in the C->assembly translation phase. I took the approach of just
filtering out all -g* options, but an alternative to such negative
filtering might be to have a positive filter which might, in the ideal
case allow just all the -Wa,* options to pass through.
Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@novell.com>
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
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Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com> reported:
Installing external modules is supposed to put them in some path
under /lib/modules/<version>/extra/subdir/, but this change:
http://linux.bkbits.net:8080/linux-2.6/?PAGE=cset&REV=1.1982.9.23
makes them go under /lib/modules/<version>/extrasubdir
(for example, make M=fs/ext3 modules_install puts ext3.ko in
/lib/modules/<version>/extrafs/ext3.ko)
This was the case only when specifying a trailing slash to M=..
Fixed by removing trailing slash if present so
we correctly match dir part of target.
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
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Add option for stripping modules while installing them.
This function adds support for stripping modules while they are being
installed. CONFIG_DEBUG_KERNEL (which will probably become more
popular as developers use kdump) causes the size of the installed
modules to grow by a factor of 9 or so.
Some kernel package systems solve this problem by stripping the debug
information from /lib/modules after running "make modules_install",
but that may not work for people who are installing directly into
/lib/modules --- root partitions that were sized to handle 16 megs
worth of modules may not be quite so happy with 145 megs of modules,
so the "make modules_install" never succeeds.
This patch allows such users to request modules_install to strip the
modules as they are installed.
Signed-off-by: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
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The kbuild system takes advantage of an incorrect behavior in GNU make.
Once this behavior is fixed, all files in the kernel rebuild every time,
even if nothing has changed. This patch ensures kbuild works with both
the incorrect and correct behaviors of GNU make.
For more details on the incorrect behavior, see:
http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-make/2006-03/msg00003.html
Changes in this patch:
- Keep all targets that are to be marked .PHONY in a variable, PHONY.
- Add .PHONY: $(PHONY) to mark them properly.
- Remove any $(PHONY) files from the $? list when determining whether
targets are up-to-date or not.
Signed-off-by: Paul Smith <psmith@gnu.org>
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
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Kbuild.include is a placeholder for definitions originally present in
both the top-level Makefile and scripts/Makefile.build.
There were a slight difference in the filechk definition, so the most videly
used version was kept and usr/Makefile was adopted for this syntax.
Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
---
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Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
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