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Previously, page cache radix tree nodes were freed after reclaim emptied
out their page pointers. But now reclaim stores shadow entries in their
place, which are only reclaimed when the inodes themselves are
reclaimed. This is problematic for bigger files that are still in use
after they have a significant amount of their cache reclaimed, without
any of those pages actually refaulting. The shadow entries will just
sit there and waste memory. In the worst case, the shadow entries will
accumulate until the machine runs out of memory.
To get this under control, the VM will track radix tree nodes
exclusively containing shadow entries on a per-NUMA node list. Per-NUMA
rather than global because we expect the radix tree nodes themselves to
be allocated node-locally and we want to reduce cross-node references of
otherwise independent cache workloads. A simple shrinker will then
reclaim these nodes on memory pressure.
A few things need to be stored in the radix tree node to implement the
shadow node LRU and allow tree deletions coming from the list:
1. There is no index available that would describe the reverse path
from the node up to the tree root, which is needed to perform a
deletion. To solve this, encode in each node its offset inside the
parent. This can be stored in the unused upper bits of the same
member that stores the node's height at no extra space cost.
2. The number of shadow entries needs to be counted in addition to the
regular entries, to quickly detect when the node is ready to go to
the shadow node LRU list. The current entry count is an unsigned
int but the maximum number of entries is 64, so a shadow counter
can easily be stored in the unused upper bits.
3. Tree modification needs tree lock and tree root, which are located
in the address space, so store an address_space backpointer in the
node. The parent pointer of the node is in a union with the 2-word
rcu_head, so the backpointer comes at no extra cost as well.
4. The node needs to be linked to an LRU list, which requires a list
head inside the node. This does increase the size of the node, but
it does not change the number of objects that fit into a slab page.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: export the right function]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Metin Doslu <metin@citusdata.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@citusdata.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The VM maintains cached filesystem pages on two types of lists. One
list holds the pages recently faulted into the cache, the other list
holds pages that have been referenced repeatedly on that first list.
The idea is to prefer reclaiming young pages over those that have shown
to benefit from caching in the past. We call the recently usedbut
ultimately was not significantly better than a FIFO policy and still
thrashed cache based on eviction speed, rather than actual demand for
cache.
This patch solves one half of the problem by decoupling the ability to
detect working set changes from the inactive list size. By maintaining
a history of recently evicted file pages it can detect frequently used
pages with an arbitrarily small inactive list size, and subsequently
apply pressure on the active list based on actual demand for cache, not
just overall eviction speed.
Every zone maintains a counter that tracks inactive list aging speed.
When a page is evicted, a snapshot of this counter is stored in the
now-empty page cache radix tree slot. On refault, the minimum access
distance of the page can be assessed, to evaluate whether the page
should be part of the active list or not.
This fixes the VM's blindness towards working set changes in excess of
the inactive list. And it's the foundation to further improve the
protection ability and reduce the minimum inactive list size of 50%.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Metin Doslu <metin@citusdata.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@citusdata.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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GFP_THISNODE is for callers that implement their own clever fallback to
remote nodes. It restricts the allocation to the specified node and
does not invoke reclaim, assuming that the caller will take care of it
when the fallback fails, e.g. through a subsequent allocation request
without GFP_THISNODE set.
However, many current GFP_THISNODE users only want the node exclusive
aspect of the flag, without actually implementing their own fallback or
triggering reclaim if necessary. This results in things like page
migration failing prematurely even when there is easily reclaimable
memory available, unless kswapd happens to be running already or a
concurrent allocation attempt triggers the necessary reclaim.
Convert all callsites that don't implement their own fallback strategy
to __GFP_THISNODE. This restricts the allocation a single node too, but
at the same time allows the allocator to enter the slowpath, wake
kswapd, and invoke direct reclaim if necessary, to make the allocation
happen when memory is full.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Stancek <jstancek@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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NUMA migrate rate limiting protects a migration counter and window using
a lock but in some cases this can be a contended lock. It is not
critical that the number of pages be perfect, lost updates are
acceptable. Reduce the importance of this lock.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Alex Thorlton <athorlton@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Yasuaki Ishimatsu reported memory hot-add spent more than 5 _hours_ on
9TB memory machine since onlining memory sections is too slow. And we
found out setup_zone_migrate_reserve spent >90% of the time.
The problem is, setup_zone_migrate_reserve scans all pageblocks
unconditionally, but it is only necessary if the number of reserved
block was reduced (i.e. memory hot remove).
Moreover, maximum MIGRATE_RESERVE per zone is currently 2. It means
that the number of reserved pageblocks is almost always unchanged.
This patch adds zone->nr_migrate_reserve_block to maintain the number of
MIGRATE_RESERVE pageblocks and it reduces the overhead of
setup_zone_migrate_reserve dramatically. The following table shows time
of onlining a memory section.
Amount of memory | 128GB | 192GB | 256GB|
---------------------------------------------
linux-3.12 | 23.9 | 31.4 | 44.5 |
This patch | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.6 |
Mel's proposal patch | 10.9 | 19.2 | 31.3 |
---------------------------------------------
(millisecond)
128GB : 4 nodes and each node has 32GB of memory
192GB : 6 nodes and each node has 32GB of memory
256GB : 8 nodes and each node has 32GB of memory
(*1) Mel proposed his idea by the following threads.
https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/10/30/272
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment]
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Reported-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This patch is based on KOSAKI's work and I add a little more description,
please refer https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/14/74.
Currently, I found system can enter a state that there are lots of free
pages in a zone but only order-0 and order-1 pages which means the zone is
heavily fragmented, then high order allocation could make direct reclaim
path's long stall(ex, 60 seconds) especially in no swap and no compaciton
enviroment. This problem happened on v3.4, but it seems issue still lives
in current tree, the reason is do_try_to_free_pages enter live lock:
kswapd will go to sleep if the zones have been fully scanned and are still
not balanced. As kswapd thinks there's little point trying all over again
to avoid infinite loop. Instead it changes order from high-order to
0-order because kswapd think order-0 is the most important. Look at
73ce02e9 in detail. If watermarks are ok, kswapd will go back to sleep
and may leave zone->all_unreclaimable =3D 0. It assume high-order users
can still perform direct reclaim if they wish.
Direct reclaim continue to reclaim for a high order which is not a
COSTLY_ORDER without oom-killer until kswapd turn on
zone->all_unreclaimble= . This is because to avoid too early oom-kill.
So it means direct_reclaim depends on kswapd to break this loop.
In worst case, direct-reclaim may continue to page reclaim forever when
kswapd sleeps forever until someone like watchdog detect and finally kill
the process. As described in:
http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel.mm/103737
We can't turn on zone->all_unreclaimable from direct reclaim path because
direct reclaim path don't take any lock and this way is racy. Thus this
patch removes zone->all_unreclaimable field completely and recalculates
zone reclaimable state every time.
Note: we can't take the idea that direct-reclaim see zone->pages_scanned
directly and kswapd continue to use zone->all_unreclaimable. Because, it
is racy. commit 929bea7c71 (vmscan: all_unreclaimable() use
zone->all_unreclaimable as a name) describes the detail.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: uninline zone_reclaimable_pages() and zone_reclaimable()]
Cc: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar.30@gmail.com>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <lliubbo@gmail.com>
Cc: Neil Zhang <zhangwm@marvell.com>
Cc: Russell King - ARM Linux <linux@arm.linux.org.uk>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Lisa Du <cldu@marvell.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Each zone that holds userspace pages of one workload must be aged at a
speed proportional to the zone size. Otherwise, the time an individual
page gets to stay in memory depends on the zone it happened to be
allocated in. Asymmetry in the zone aging creates rather unpredictable
aging behavior and results in the wrong pages being reclaimed, activated
etc.
But exactly this happens right now because of the way the page allocator
and kswapd interact. The page allocator uses per-node lists of all zones
in the system, ordered by preference, when allocating a new page. When
the first iteration does not yield any results, kswapd is woken up and the
allocator retries. Due to the way kswapd reclaims zones below the high
watermark while a zone can be allocated from when it is above the low
watermark, the allocator may keep kswapd running while kswapd reclaim
ensures that the page allocator can keep allocating from the first zone in
the zonelist for extended periods of time. Meanwhile the other zones
rarely see new allocations and thus get aged much slower in comparison.
The result is that the occasional page placed in lower zones gets
relatively more time in memory, even gets promoted to the active list
after its peers have long been evicted. Meanwhile, the bulk of the
working set may be thrashing on the preferred zone even though there may
be significant amounts of memory available in the lower zones.
Even the most basic test -- repeatedly reading a file slightly bigger than
memory -- shows how broken the zone aging is. In this scenario, no single
page should be able stay in memory long enough to get referenced twice and
activated, but activation happens in spades:
$ grep active_file /proc/zoneinfo
nr_inactive_file 0
nr_active_file 0
nr_inactive_file 0
nr_active_file 8
nr_inactive_file 1582
nr_active_file 11994
$ cat data data data data >/dev/null
$ grep active_file /proc/zoneinfo
nr_inactive_file 0
nr_active_file 70
nr_inactive_file 258753
nr_active_file 443214
nr_inactive_file 149793
nr_active_file 12021
Fix this with a very simple round robin allocator. Each zone is allowed a
batch of allocations that is proportional to the zone's size, after which
it is treated as full. The batch counters are reset when all zones have
been tried and the allocator enters the slowpath and kicks off kswapd
reclaim. Allocation and reclaim is now fairly spread out to all
available/allowable zones:
$ grep active_file /proc/zoneinfo
nr_inactive_file 0
nr_active_file 0
nr_inactive_file 174
nr_active_file 4865
nr_inactive_file 53
nr_active_file 860
$ cat data data data data >/dev/null
$ grep active_file /proc/zoneinfo
nr_inactive_file 0
nr_active_file 0
nr_inactive_file 666622
nr_active_file 4988
nr_inactive_file 190969
nr_active_file 937
When zone_reclaim_mode is enabled, allocations will now spread out to all
zones on the local node, not just the first preferred zone (which on a 4G
node might be a tiny Normal zone).
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Paul Bolle <paul.bollee@gmail.com>
Cc: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Tested-by: Kevin Hilman <khilman@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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These functions are nowhere used, so remove them.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanfei <zhangyanfei@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Instead of leaving a hidden trap for the next person who comes along and
wants to add something to mem_section, add a big fat warning about it
needing to be a power-of-2, and insert a BUILD_BUG_ON() in sparse_init()
to catch mistakes.
Right now non-power-of-2 mem_sections cause a number of WARNs at boot
(which don't clearly point to the size of mem_section as an issue), but
the system limps on (temporarily, at least).
This is based upon Dave Hansen's earlier RFC where he ran into the same
issue:
"sparsemem: fix boot when SECTIONS_PER_ROOT is not power-of-2"
http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1205.2/03077.html
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Currently lock_memory_hotplug()/unlock_memory_hotplug() are used to
protect totalram_pages and zone->managed_pages. Other than the memory
hotplug driver, totalram_pages and zone->managed_pages may also be
modified at runtime by other drivers, such as Xen balloon,
virtio_balloon etc. For those cases, memory hotplug lock is a little
too heavy, so introduce a dedicated lock to protect totalram_pages and
zone->managed_pages.
Now we have a simplified locking rules totalram_pages and
zone->managed_pages as:
1) no locking for read accesses because they are unsigned long.
2) no locking for write accesses at boot time in single-threaded context.
3) serialize write accesses at runtime by acquiring the dedicated
managed_page_count_lock.
Also adjust zone->managed_pages when freeing reserved pages into the
buddy system, to keep totalram_pages and zone->managed_pages in
consistence.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: don't export adjust_managed_page_count to modules (for now)]
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: "Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: <sworddragon2@aol.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Joonsoo Kim <js1304@gmail.com>
Cc: Kamezawa Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk <konrad.wilk@oracle.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Yasuaki Ishimatsu <isimatu.yasuaki@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Russell King <rmk@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Historically, kswapd used to congestion_wait() at higher priorities if
it was not making forward progress. This made no sense as the failure
to make progress could be completely independent of IO. It was later
replaced by wait_iff_congested() and removed entirely by commit 258401a6
(mm: don't wait on congested zones in balance_pgdat()) as it was
duplicating logic in shrink_inactive_list().
This is problematic. If kswapd encounters many pages under writeback
and it continues to scan until it reaches the high watermark then it
will quickly skip over the pages under writeback and reclaim clean young
pages or push applications out to swap.
The use of wait_iff_congested() is not suited to kswapd as it will only
stall if the underlying BDI is really congested or a direct reclaimer
was unable to write to the underlying BDI. kswapd bypasses the BDI
congestion as it sets PF_SWAPWRITE but even if this was taken into
account then it would cause direct reclaimers to stall on writeback
which is not desirable.
This patch sets a ZONE_WRITEBACK flag if direct reclaim or kswapd is
encountering too many pages under writeback. If this flag is set and
kswapd encounters a PageReclaim page under writeback then it'll assume
that the LRU lists are being recycled too quickly before IO can complete
and block waiting for some IO to complete.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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not priority
Currently kswapd queues dirty pages for writeback if scanning at an
elevated priority but the priority kswapd scans at is not related to the
number of unqueued dirty encountered. Since commit "mm: vmscan: Flatten
kswapd priority loop", the priority is related to the size of the LRU
and the zone watermark which is no indication as to whether kswapd
should write pages or not.
This patch tracks if an excessive number of unqueued dirty pages are
being encountered at the end of the LRU. If so, it indicates that dirty
pages are being recycled before flusher threads can clean them and flags
the zone so that kswapd will start writing pages until the zone is
balanced.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Valdis Kletnieks <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
Tested-by: Zlatko Calusic <zcalusic@bitsync.net>
Cc: dormando <dormando@rydia.net>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial
Pull trivial tree updates from Jiri Kosina:
"Usual stuff, mostly comment fixes, typo fixes, printk fixes and small
code cleanups"
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial: (45 commits)
mm: Convert print_symbol to %pSR
gfs2: Convert print_symbol to %pSR
m32r: Convert print_symbol to %pSR
iostats.txt: add easy-to-find description for field 6
x86 cmpxchg.h: fix wrong comment
treewide: Fix typo in printk and comments
doc: devicetree: Fix various typos
docbook: fix 8250 naming in device-drivers
pata_pdc2027x: Fix compiler warning
treewide: Fix typo in printks
mei: Fix comments in drivers/misc/mei
treewide: Fix typos in kernel messages
pm44xx: Fix comment for "CONFIG_CPU_IDLE"
doc: Fix typo "CONFIG_CGROUP_CGROUP_MEMCG_SWAP"
mmzone: correct "pags" to "pages" in comment.
kernel-parameters: remove outdated 'noresidual' parameter
Remove spurious _H suffixes from ifdef comments
sound: Remove stray pluses from Kconfig file
radio-shark: Fix printk "CONFIG_LED_CLASS"
doc: put proper reference to CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_ENFORCE
...
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Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
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Booting with 32 TBytes memory hits BUG at mm/page_alloc.c:552! (output
below).
The key hint is "page 4294967296 outside zone".
4294967296 = 0x100000000 (bit 32 is set).
The problem is in include/linux/mmzone.h:
530 static inline unsigned zone_end_pfn(const struct zone *zone)
531 {
532 return zone->zone_start_pfn + zone->spanned_pages;
533 }
zone_end_pfn is "unsigned" (32 bits). Changing it to "unsigned long"
(64 bits) fixes the problem.
zone_end_pfn() was added recently in commit 108bcc96ef70 ("mm: add & use
zone_end_pfn() and zone_spans_pfn()")
Output from the failure.
No AGP bridge found
page 4294967296 outside zone [ 4294967296 - 4327469056 ]
------------[ cut here ]------------
kernel BUG at mm/page_alloc.c:552!
invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] SMP
Modules linked in:
CPU 0
Pid: 0, comm: swapper Not tainted 3.9.0-rc2.dtp+ #10
RIP: free_one_page+0x382/0x430
Process swapper (pid: 0, threadinfo ffffffff81942000, task ffffffff81955420)
Call Trace:
__free_pages_ok+0x96/0xb0
__free_pages+0x25/0x50
__free_pages_bootmem+0x8a/0x8c
__free_memory_core+0xea/0x131
free_low_memory_core_early+0x4a/0x98
free_all_bootmem+0x45/0x47
mem_init+0x7b/0x14c
start_kernel+0x216/0x433
x86_64_start_reservations+0x2a/0x2c
x86_64_start_kernel+0x144/0x153
Code: 89 f1 ba 01 00 00 00 31 f6 d3 e2 4c 89 ef e8 66 a4 01 00 e9 2c fe ff ff 0f 0b eb fe 0f 0b 66 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 eb f3 <0f> 0b eb fe 0f 0b 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 eb f6 0f 0b eb fe 49
Signed-off-by: Russ Anderson <rja@sgi.com>
Reported-by: George Beshers <gbeshers@sgi.com>
Acked-by: Hedi Berriche <hedi@sgi.com>
Cc: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Add pgdat_end_pfn() and pgdat_is_empty() helpers which match the similar
zone_*() functions.
Change node_end_pfn() to be a wrapper of pgdat_end_pfn().
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Factoring out these 2 checks makes it more clear what we are actually
checking for.
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Add 2 helpers (zone_end_pfn() and zone_spans_pfn()) to reduce code
duplication.
This also switches to using them in compaction (where an additional
variable needed to be renamed), page_alloc, vmstat, memory_hotplug, and
kmemleak.
Note that in compaction.c I avoid calling zone_end_pfn() repeatedly
because I expect at some point the sycronization issues with start_pfn &
spanned_pages will need fixing, either by actually using the seqlock or
clever memory barrier usage.
Signed-off-by: Cody P Schafer <cody@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Hansen <dave@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
This is a preparation patch for moving page->_last_nid into page->flags
that moves page flag layout information to a separate header. This
patch is necessary because otherwise there would be a circular
dependency between mm_types.h and mm.h.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@gmail.com>
Cc: Wanpeng Li <liwanp@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Several functions test MIGRATE_ISOLATE and some of those are hotpath but
MIGRATE_ISOLATE is used only if we enable CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION(ie,
CMA, memory-hotplug and memory-failure) which are not common config
option. So let's not add unnecessary overhead and code when we don't
enable CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION.
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Commit 702d1a6e0766 ("memory-hotplug: fix kswapd looping forever
problem") added an isolated pageblocks counter (nr_pageblock_isolate in
struct zone) and used it to adjust free pages counter in
zone_watermark_ok_safe() to prevent kswapd looping forever problem.
Then later, commit 2139cbe627b8 ("cma: fix counting of isolated pages")
fixed accounting of isolated pages in global free pages counter. It
made the previous zone_watermark_ok_safe() fix unnecessary and
potentially harmful (cause now isolated pages may be accounted twice
making free pages counter incorrect).
This patch removes the special isolated pageblocks counter altogether
which fixes zone_watermark_ok_safe() free pages check.
Reported-by: Tomasz Stanislawski <t.stanislaws@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar.30@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mel/linux-balancenuma
Pull Automatic NUMA Balancing bare-bones from Mel Gorman:
"There are three implementations for NUMA balancing, this tree
(balancenuma), numacore which has been developed in tip/master and
autonuma which is in aa.git.
In almost all respects balancenuma is the dumbest of the three because
its main impact is on the VM side with no attempt to be smart about
scheduling. In the interest of getting the ball rolling, it would be
desirable to see this much merged for 3.8 with the view to building
scheduler smarts on top and adapting the VM where required for 3.9.
The most recent set of comparisons available from different people are
mel: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/9/108
mingo: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/7/331
tglx: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/10/437
srikar: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/10/397
The results are a mixed bag. In my own tests, balancenuma does
reasonably well. It's dumb as rocks and does not regress against
mainline. On the other hand, Ingo's tests shows that balancenuma is
incapable of converging for this workloads driven by perf which is bad
but is potentially explained by the lack of scheduler smarts. Thomas'
results show balancenuma improves on mainline but falls far short of
numacore or autonuma. Srikar's results indicate we all suffer on a
large machine with imbalanced node sizes.
My own testing showed that recent numacore results have improved
dramatically, particularly in the last week but not universally.
We've butted heads heavily on system CPU usage and high levels of
migration even when it shows that overall performance is better.
There are also cases where it regresses. Of interest is that for
specjbb in some configurations it will regress for lower numbers of
warehouses and show gains for higher numbers which is not reported by
the tool by default and sometimes missed in treports. Recently I
reported for numacore that the JVM was crashing with
NullPointerExceptions but currently it's unclear what the source of
this problem is. Initially I thought it was in how numacore batch
handles PTEs but I'm no longer think this is the case. It's possible
numacore is just able to trigger it due to higher rates of migration.
These reports were quite late in the cycle so I/we would like to start
with this tree as it contains much of the code we can agree on and has
not changed significantly over the last 2-3 weeks."
* tag 'balancenuma-v11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mel/linux-balancenuma: (50 commits)
mm/rmap, migration: Make rmap_walk_anon() and try_to_unmap_anon() more scalable
mm/rmap: Convert the struct anon_vma::mutex to an rwsem
mm: migrate: Account a transhuge page properly when rate limiting
mm: numa: Account for failed allocations and isolations as migration failures
mm: numa: Add THP migration for the NUMA working set scanning fault case build fix
mm: numa: Add THP migration for the NUMA working set scanning fault case.
mm: sched: numa: Delay PTE scanning until a task is scheduled on a new node
mm: sched: numa: Control enabling and disabling of NUMA balancing if !SCHED_DEBUG
mm: sched: numa: Control enabling and disabling of NUMA balancing
mm: sched: Adapt the scanning rate if a NUMA hinting fault does not migrate
mm: numa: Use a two-stage filter to restrict pages being migrated for unlikely task<->node relationships
mm: numa: migrate: Set last_nid on newly allocated page
mm: numa: split_huge_page: Transfer last_nid on tail page
mm: numa: Introduce last_nid to the page frame
sched: numa: Slowly increase the scanning period as NUMA faults are handled
mm: numa: Rate limit setting of pte_numa if node is saturated
mm: numa: Rate limit the amount of memory that is migrated between nodes
mm: numa: Structures for Migrate On Fault per NUMA migration rate limiting
mm: numa: Migrate pages handled during a pmd_numa hinting fault
mm: numa: Migrate on reference policy
...
|
|
Currently a zone's present_pages is calcuated as below, which is
inaccurate and may cause trouble to memory hotplug.
spanned_pages - absent_pages - memmap_pages - dma_reserve.
During fixing bugs caused by inaccurate zone->present_pages, we found
zone->present_pages has been abused. The field zone->present_pages may
have different meanings in different contexts:
1) pages existing in a zone.
2) pages managed by the buddy system.
For more discussions about the issue, please refer to:
http://lkml.org/lkml/2012/11/5/866
https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/1346751/
This patchset tries to introduce a new field named "managed_pages" to
struct zone, which counts "pages managed by the buddy system". And revert
zone->present_pages to count "physical pages existing in a zone", which
also keep in consistence with pgdat->node_present_pages.
We will set an initial value for zone->managed_pages in function
free_area_init_core() and will adjust it later if the initial value is
inaccurate.
For DMA/normal zones, the initial value is set to:
(spanned_pages - absent_pages - memmap_pages - dma_reserve)
Later zone->managed_pages will be adjusted to the accurate value when the
bootmem allocator frees all free pages to the buddy system in function
free_all_bootmem_node() and free_all_bootmem().
The bootmem allocator doesn't touch highmem pages, so highmem zones'
managed_pages is set to the accurate value "spanned_pages - absent_pages"
in function free_area_init_core() and won't be updated anymore.
This patch also adds a new field "managed_pages" to /proc/zoneinfo
and sysrq showmem.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: small comment tweaks]
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Maciej Rutecki <maciej.rutecki@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Chris Clayton <chris2553@googlemail.com>
Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rjw@sisk.pl>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Jianguo Wu <wujianguo@huawei.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Commits 2139cbe627b8 ("cma: fix counting of isolated pages") and
d95ea5d18e69 ("cma: fix watermark checking") introduced a reliable
method of free page accounting when memory is being allocated from CMA
regions, so the workaround introduced earlier by commit 49f223a9cd96
("mm: trigger page reclaim in alloc_contig_range() to stabilise
watermarks") can be finally removed.
Signed-off-by: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Acked-by: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
This defines the per-node data used by Migrate On Fault in order to
rate limit the migration. The rate limiting is applied independently
to each destination node.
Signed-off-by: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
|
|
When MEMCG is configured on (even when it's disabled by boot option),
when adding or removing a page to/from its lru list, the zone pointer
used for stats updates is nowadays taken from the struct lruvec. (On
many configurations, calculating zone from page is slower.)
But we have no code to update all the lruvecs (per zone, per memcg) when
a memory node is hotadded. Here's an extract from the oops which
results when running numactl to bind a program to a newly onlined node:
BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000f60
IP: __mod_zone_page_state+0x9/0x60
Pid: 1219, comm: numactl Not tainted 3.6.0-rc5+ #180 Bochs Bochs
Process numactl (pid: 1219, threadinfo ffff880039abc000, task ffff8800383c4ce0)
Call Trace:
__pagevec_lru_add_fn+0xdf/0x140
pagevec_lru_move_fn+0xb1/0x100
__pagevec_lru_add+0x1c/0x30
lru_add_drain_cpu+0xa3/0x130
lru_add_drain+0x2f/0x40
...
The natural solution might be to use a memcg callback whenever memory is
hotadded; but that solution has not been scoped out, and it happens that
we do have an easy location at which to update lruvec->zone. The lruvec
pointer is discovered either by mem_cgroup_zone_lruvec() or by
mem_cgroup_page_lruvec(), and both of those do know the right zone.
So check and set lruvec->zone in those; and remove the inadequate
attempt to set lruvec->zone from lruvec_init(), which is called before
NODE_DATA(node) has been allocated in such cases.
Ah, there was one exceptionr. For no particularly good reason,
mem_cgroup_force_empty_list() has its own code for deciding lruvec.
Change it to use the standard mem_cgroup_zone_lruvec() and
mem_cgroup_get_lru_size() too. In fact it was already safe against such
an oops (the lru lists in danger could only be empty), but we're better
proofed against future changes this way.
I've marked this for stable (3.6) since we introduced the problem in 3.5
(now closed to stable); but I have no idea if this is the only fix
needed to get memory hotadd working with memcg in 3.6, and received no
answer when I enquired twice before.
Reported-by: Tang Chen <tangchen@cn.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Cc: Wen Congyang <wency@cn.fujitsu.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Presently CMA cannot migrate mlocked pages so it ends up failing to allocate
contiguous memory space.
This patch makes mlocked pages be migrated out. Of course, it can affect
realtime processes but in CMA usecase, contiguous memory allocation failing
is far worse than access latency to an mlocked page being variable while
CMA is running. If someone wants to make the system realtime, he shouldn't
enable CMA because stalls can still happen at random times.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: tweak comment text, per Mel]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
RECLAIM_DISTANCE represents the distance between nodes at which it is
deemed too costly to allocate from; it's preferred to try to reclaim from
a local zone before falling back to allocating on a remote node with such
a distance.
To do this, zone_reclaim_mode is set if the distance between any two
nodes on the system is greather than this distance. This, however, ends
up causing the page allocator to reclaim from every zone regardless of
its affinity.
What we really want is to reclaim only from zones that are closer than
RECLAIM_DISTANCE. This patch adds a nodemask to each node that
represents the set of nodes that are within this distance. During the
zone iteration, if the bit for a zone's node is set for the local node,
then reclaim is attempted; otherwise, the zone is skipped.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_NUMA=n build]
Signed-off-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Compaction caches if a pageblock was scanned and no pages were isolated so
that the pageblocks can be skipped in the future to reduce scanning. This
information is not cleared by the page allocator based on activity due to
the impact it would have to the page allocator fast paths. Hence there is
a requirement that something clear the cache or pageblocks will be skipped
forever. Currently the cache is cleared if there were a number of recent
allocation failures and it has not been cleared within the last 5 seconds.
Time-based decisions like this are terrible as they have no relationship
to VM activity and is basically a big hammer.
Unfortunately, accurate heuristics would add cost to some hot paths so
this patch implements a rough heuristic. There are two cases where the
cache is cleared.
1. If a !kswapd process completes a compaction cycle (migrate and free
scanner meet), the zone is marked compact_blockskip_flush. When kswapd
goes to sleep, it will clear the cache. This is expected to be the
common case where the cache is cleared. It does not really matter if
kswapd happens to be asleep or going to sleep when the flag is set as
it will be woken on the next allocation request.
2. If there have been multiple failures recently and compaction just
finished being deferred then a process will clear the cache and start a
full scan. This situation happens if there are multiple high-order
allocation requests under heavy memory pressure.
The clearing of the PG_migrate_skip bits and other scans is inherently
racy but the race is harmless. For allocations that can fail such as THP,
they will simply fail. For requests that cannot fail, they will retry the
allocation. Tests indicated that scanning rates were roughly similar to
when the time-based heuristic was used and the allocation success rates
were similar.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Davies <richard@arachsys.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Cc: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
This is almost entirely based on Rik's previous patches and discussions
with him about how this might be implemented.
Order > 0 compaction stops when enough free pages of the correct page
order have been coalesced. When doing subsequent higher order
allocations, it is possible for compaction to be invoked many times.
However, the compaction code always starts out looking for things to
compact at the start of the zone, and for free pages to compact things to
at the end of the zone.
This can cause quadratic behaviour, with isolate_freepages starting at the
end of the zone each time, even though previous invocations of the
compaction code already filled up all free memory on that end of the zone.
This can cause isolate_freepages to take enormous amounts of CPU with
certain workloads on larger memory systems.
This patch caches where the migration and free scanner should start from
on subsequent compaction invocations using the pageblock-skip information.
When compaction starts it begins from the cached restart points and will
update the cached restart points until a page is isolated or a pageblock
is skipped that would have been scanned by synchronous compaction.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Davies <richard@arachsys.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
When compaction was implemented it was known that scanning could
potentially be excessive. The ideal was that a counter be maintained for
each pageblock but maintaining this information would incur a severe
penalty due to a shared writable cache line. It has reached the point
where the scanning costs are a serious problem, particularly on
long-lived systems where a large process starts and allocates a large
number of THPs at the same time.
Instead of using a shared counter, this patch adds another bit to the
pageblock flags called PG_migrate_skip. If a pageblock is scanned by
either migrate or free scanner and 0 pages were isolated, the pageblock is
marked to be skipped in the future. When scanning, this bit is checked
before any scanning takes place and the block skipped if set.
The main difficulty with a patch like this is "when to ignore the cached
information?" If it's ignored too often, the scanning rates will still be
excessive. If the information is too stale then allocations will fail
that might have otherwise succeeded. In this patch
o CMA always ignores the information
o If the migrate and free scanner meet then the cached information will
be discarded if it's at least 5 seconds since the last time the cache
was discarded
o If there are a large number of allocation failures, discard the cache.
The time-based heuristic is very clumsy but there are few choices for a
better event. Depending solely on multiple allocation failures still
allows excessive scanning when THP allocations are failing in quick
succession due to memory pressure. Waiting until memory pressure is
relieved would cause compaction to continually fail instead of using
reclaim/compaction to try allocate the page. The time-based mechanism is
clumsy but a better option is not obvious.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Davies <richard@arachsys.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Cc: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Cc: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Mark Brown <broonie@opensource.wolfsonmicro.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
This reverts commit 7db8889ab05b ("mm: have order > 0 compaction start
off where it left") and commit de74f1cc ("mm: have order > 0 compaction
start near a pageblock with free pages"). These patches were a good
idea and tests confirmed that they massively reduced the amount of
scanning but the implementation is complex and tricky to understand. A
later patch will cache what pageblocks should be skipped and
reimplements the concept of compact_cached_free_pfn on top for both
migration and free scanners.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Richard Davies <richard@arachsys.com>
Cc: Shaohua Li <shli@kernel.org>
Cc: Avi Kivity <avi@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Rafael Aquini <aquini@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Add NR_FREE_CMA_PAGES counter to be later used for checking watermark in
__zone_watermark_ok(). For simplicity and to avoid #ifdef hell make this
counter always available (not only when CONFIG_CMA=y).
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: use conventional migratetype naming]
Signed-off-by: Bartlomiej Zolnierkiewicz <b.zolnierkie@samsung.com>
Signed-off-by: Kyungmin Park <kyungmin.park@samsung.com>
Cc: Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@samsung.com>
Cc: Michal Nazarewicz <mina86@mina86.com>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
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backed by network storage
If swap is backed by network storage such as NBD, there is a risk that a
large number of reclaimers can hang the system by consuming all
PF_MEMALLOC reserves. To avoid these hangs, the administrator must tune
min_free_kbytes in advance which is a bit fragile.
This patch throttles direct reclaimers if half the PF_MEMALLOC reserves
are in use. If the system is routinely getting throttled the system
administrator can increase min_free_kbytes so degradation is smoother but
the system will keep running.
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Mike Christie <michaelc@cs.wisc.edu>
Cc: Eric B Munson <emunson@mgebm.net>
Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com>
Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <sebastian@breakpoint.cc>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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When hotplug offlining happens on zone A, it starts to mark freed page as
MIGRATE_ISOLATE type in buddy for preventing further allocation.
(MIGRATE_ISOLATE is very irony type because it's apparently on buddy but
we can't allocate them).
When the memory shortage happens during hotplug offlining, current task
starts to reclaim, then wake up kswapd. Kswapd checks watermark, then go
sleep because current zone_watermark_ok_safe doesn't consider
MIGRATE_ISOLATE freed page count. Current task continue to reclaim in
direct reclaim path without kswapd's helping. The problem is that
zone->all_unreclaimable is set by only kswapd so that current task would
be looping forever like below.
__alloc_pages_slowpath
restart:
wake_all_kswapd
rebalance:
__alloc_pages_direct_reclaim
do_try_to_free_pages
if global_reclaim && !all_unreclaimable
return 1; /* It means we did did_some_progress */
skip __alloc_pages_may_oom
should_alloc_retry
goto rebalance;
If we apply KOSAKI's patch[1] which doesn't depends on kswapd about
setting zone->all_unreclaimable, we can solve this problem by killing some
task in direct reclaim path. But it doesn't wake up kswapd, still. It
could be a problem still if other subsystem needs GFP_ATOMIC request. So
kswapd should consider MIGRATE_ISOLATE when it calculate free pages BEFORE
going sleep.
This patch counts the number of MIGRATE_ISOLATE page block and
zone_watermark_ok_safe will consider it if the system has such blocks
(fortunately, it's very rare so no problem in POV overhead and kswapd is
never hotpath).
Copy/modify from Mel's quote
"
Ideal solution would be "allocating" the pageblock.
It would keep the free space accounting as it is but historically,
memory hotplug didn't allocate pages because it would be difficult to
detect if a pageblock was isolated or if part of some balloon.
Allocating just full pageblocks would work around this, However,
it would play very badly with CMA.
"
[1] http://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/14/74
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: simplify nr_zone_isolate_freepages(), rework zone_watermark_ok_safe() comment, simplify set_pageblock_isolate() and restore_pageblock_isolate()]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix CONFIG_MEMORY_ISOLATION=n build]
Signed-off-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Suggested-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Tested-by: Aaditya Kumar <aaditya.kumar.30@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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|
When hotadd_new_pgdat() is called to create new pgdat for a new node, a
fallback zonelist should be created for the new node. There's code to try
to achieve that in hotadd_new_pgdat() as below:
/*
* The node we allocated has no zone fallback lists. For avoiding
* to access not-initialized zonelist, build here.
*/
mutex_lock(&zonelists_mutex);
build_all_zonelists(pgdat, NULL);
mutex_unlock(&zonelists_mutex);
But it doesn't work as expected. When hotadd_new_pgdat() is called, the
new node is still in offline state because node_set_online(nid) hasn't
been called yet. And build_all_zonelists() only builds zonelists for
online nodes as:
for_each_online_node(nid) {
pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
build_zonelists(pgdat);
build_zonelist_cache(pgdat);
}
Though we hope to create zonelist for the new pgdat, but it doesn't. So
add a new parameter "pgdat" the build_all_zonelists() to build pgdat for
the new pgdat too.
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <liuj97@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Cc: Yinghai Lu <yinghai@kernel.org>
Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: Keping Chen <chenkeping@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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0ee332c14518699 ("memblock: Kill early_node_map[]") wanted to replace
CONFIG_ARCH_POPULATES_NODE_MAP with CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE_MAP but
ended up replacing one occurence with a reference to the non-existent
symbol CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK_NODE.
The resulting omission of code would probably have been causing problems
to 32-bit machines with memory hotplug.
Signed-off-by: Rabin Vincent <rabin@rab.in>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Order > 0 compaction stops when enough free pages of the correct page
order have been coalesced. When doing subsequent higher order
allocations, it is possible for compaction to be invoked many times.
However, the compaction code always starts out looking for things to
compact at the start of the zone, and for free pages to compact things to
at the end of the zone.
This can cause quadratic behaviour, with isolate_freepages starting at the
end of the zone each time, even though previous invocations of the
compaction code already filled up all free memory on that end of the zone.
This can cause isolate_freepages to take enormous amounts of CPU with
certain workloads on larger memory systems.
The obvious solution is to have isolate_freepages remember where it left
off last time, and continue at that point the next time it gets invoked
for an order > 0 compaction. This could cause compaction to fail if
cc->free_pfn and cc->migrate_pfn are close together initially, in that
case we restart from the end of the zone and try once more.
Forced full (order == -1) compactions are left alone.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: checkpatch fixes]
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: s/laste/last/, use 80 cols]
Signed-off-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reported-by: Jim Schutt <jaschut@sandia.gov>
Tested-by: Jim Schutt <jaschut@sandia.gov>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <liwp.linux@gmail.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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|
Sanity:
CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR -> CONFIG_MEMCG
CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR_SWAP -> CONFIG_MEMCG_SWAP
CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR_SWAP_ENABLED -> CONFIG_MEMCG_SWAP_ENABLED
CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR_KMEM -> CONFIG_MEMCG_KMEM
[mhocko@suse.cz: fix missed bits]
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial
Pull trivial tree from Jiri Kosina:
"Trivial updates all over the place as usual."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial: (29 commits)
Fix typo in include/linux/clk.h .
pci: hotplug: Fix typo in pci
iommu: Fix typo in iommu
video: Fix typo in drivers/video
Documentation: Add newline at end-of-file to files lacking one
arm,unicore32: Remove obsolete "select MISC_DEVICES"
module.c: spelling s/postition/position/g
cpufreq: Fix typo in cpufreq driver
trivial: typo in comment in mksysmap
mach-omap2: Fix typo in debug message and comment
scsi: aha152x: Fix sparse warning and make printing pointer address more portable.
Change email address for Steve Glendinning
Btrfs: fix typo in convert_extent_bit
via: Remove bogus if check
netprio_cgroup.c: fix comment typo
backlight: fix memory leak on obscure error path
Documentation: asus-laptop.txt references an obsolete Kconfig item
Documentation: ManagementStyle: fixed typo
mm/vmscan: cleanup comment error in balance_pgdat
mm: cleanup on the comments of zone_reclaim_stat
...
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|
kswapd_stop() is called to destroy the kswapd work thread when all memory
of a NUMA node has been offlined. But kswapd_stop() only terminates the
work thread without resetting NODE_DATA(nid)->kswapd to NULL. The stale
pointer will prevent kswapd_run() from creating a new work thread when
adding memory to the memory-less NUMA node again. Eventually the stale
pointer may cause invalid memory access.
An example stack dump as below. It's reproduced with 2.6.32, but latest
kernel has the same issue.
BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at (null)
IP: [<ffffffff81051a94>] exit_creds+0x12/0x78
PGD 0
Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP
last sysfs file: /sys/devices/system/memory/memory391/state
CPU 11
Modules linked in: cpufreq_conservative cpufreq_userspace cpufreq_powersave acpi_cpufreq microcode fuse loop dm_mod tpm_tis rtc_cmos i2c_i801 rtc_core tpm serio_raw pcspkr sg tpm_bios igb i2c_core iTCO_wdt rtc_lib mptctl iTCO_vendor_support button dca bnx2 usbhid hid uhci_hcd ehci_hcd usbcore sd_mod crc_t10dif edd ext3 mbcache jbd fan ide_pci_generic ide_core ata_generic ata_piix libata thermal processor thermal_sys hwmon mptsas mptscsih mptbase scsi_transport_sas scsi_mod
Pid: 7949, comm: sh Not tainted 2.6.32.12-qiuxishi-5-default #92 Tecal RH2285
RIP: 0010:exit_creds+0x12/0x78
RSP: 0018:ffff8806044f1d78 EFLAGS: 00010202
RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff880604f22140 RCX: 0000000000019502
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000202 RDI: 0000000000000000
RBP: ffff880604f22150 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: ffffffff81a4dc10
R10: 00000000000032a0 R11: ffff880006202500 R12: 0000000000000000
R13: 0000000000c40000 R14: 0000000000008000 R15: 0000000000000001
FS: 00007fbc03d066f0(0000) GS:ffff8800282e0000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 000000008005003b
CR2: 0000000000000000 CR3: 000000060f029000 CR4: 00000000000006e0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
Process sh (pid: 7949, threadinfo ffff8806044f0000, task ffff880603d7c600)
Stack:
ffff880604f22140 ffffffff8103aac5 ffff880604f22140 ffffffff8104d21e
ffff880006202500 0000000000008000 0000000000c38000 ffffffff810bd5b1
0000000000000000 ffff880603d7c600 00000000ffffdd29 0000000000000003
Call Trace:
__put_task_struct+0x5d/0x97
kthread_stop+0x50/0x58
offline_pages+0x324/0x3da
memory_block_change_state+0x179/0x1db
store_mem_state+0x9e/0xbb
sysfs_write_file+0xd0/0x107
vfs_write+0xad/0x169
sys_write+0x45/0x6e
system_call_fastpath+0x16/0x1b
Code: ff 4d 00 0f 94 c0 84 c0 74 08 48 89 ef e8 1f fd ff ff 5b 5d 31 c0 41 5c c3 53 48 8b 87 20 06 00 00 48 89 fb 48 8b bf 18 06 00 00 <8b> 00 48 c7 83 18 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 f0 ff 0f 0f 94 c0 84 c0
RIP exit_creds+0x12/0x78
RSP <ffff8806044f1d78>
CR2: 0000000000000000
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: add pglist_data.kswapd locking comments]
Signed-off-by: Xishi Qiu <qiuxishi@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiang Liu <jiang.liu@huawei.com>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
Conflicts:
include/linux/mmzone.h
Synced with Linus' tree so that trivial patch can be applied
on top of up-to-date code properly.
Reported-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
|
|
Signed-off-by: Wanpeng Li <liwp.linux@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
|
|
This is the first stage of struct mem_cgroup_zone removal. Further
patches replace struct mem_cgroup_zone with a pointer to struct lruvec.
If CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR=n lruvec_zone() is just container_of().
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
With mem_cgroup_disabled() now explicit, it becomes clear that the
zone_reclaim_stat structure actually belongs in lruvec, per-zone when
memcg is disabled but per-memcg per-zone when it's enabled.
We can delete mem_cgroup_get_reclaim_stat(), and change
update_page_reclaim_stat() to update just the one set of stats, the one
which get_scan_count() will actually use.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
After patch "mm: forbid lumpy-reclaim in shrink_active_list()" we can
completely remove anon/file and active/inactive lru type filters from
__isolate_lru_page(), because isolation for 0-order reclaim always
isolates pages from right lru list. And pages-isolation for lumpy
shrink_inactive_list() or memory-compaction anyway allowed to isolate
pages from all evictable lru lists.
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Acked-by: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.cz>
Cc: Glauber Costa <glommer@parallels.com>
Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
|
|
git://git.linaro.org/people/mszyprowski/linux-dma-mapping
Pull CMA and ARM DMA-mapping updates from Marek Szyprowski:
"These patches contain two major updates for DMA mapping subsystem
(mainly for ARM architecture). First one is Contiguous Memory
Allocator (CMA) which makes it possible for device drivers to allocate
big contiguous chunks of memory after the system has booted.
The main difference from the similar frameworks is the fact that CMA
allows to transparently reuse the memory region reserved for the big
chunk allocation as a system memory, so no memory is wasted when no
big chunk is allocated. Once the alloc request is issued, the
framework migrates system pages to create space for the required big
chunk of physically contiguous memory.
For more information one can refer to nice LWN articles:
- 'A reworked contiguous memory allocator':
http://lwn.net/Articles/447405/
- 'CMA and ARM':
http://lwn.net/Articles/450286/
- 'A deep dive into CMA':
http://lwn.net/Articles/486301/
- and the following thread with the patches and links to all previous
versions:
https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/4/3/204
The main client for this new framework is ARM DMA-mapping subsystem.
The second part provides a complete redesign in ARM DMA-mapping
subsystem. The core implementation has been changed to use common
struct dma_map_ops based infrastructure with the recent updates for
new dma attributes merged in v3.4-rc2. This allows to use more than
one implementation of dma-mapping calls and change/select them on the
struct device basis. The first client of this new infractructure is
dmabounce implementation which has been completely cut out of the
core, common code.
The last patch of this redesign update introduces a new, experimental
implementation of dma-mapping calls on top of generic IOMMU framework.
This lets ARM sub-platform to transparently use IOMMU for DMA-mapping
calls if one provides required IOMMU hardware.
For more information please refer to the following thread:
http://www.spinics.net/lists/arm-kernel/msg175729.html
The last patch merges changes from both updates and provides a
resolution for the conflicts which cannot be avoided when patches have
been applied on the same files (mainly arch/arm/mm/dma-mapping.c)."
Acked by Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>:
"Yup, this one please. It's had much work, plenty of review and I
think even Russell is happy with it."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.linaro.org/people/mszyprowski/linux-dma-mapping: (28 commits)
ARM: dma-mapping: use PMD size for section unmap
cma: fix migration mode
ARM: integrate CMA with DMA-mapping subsystem
X86: integrate CMA with DMA-mapping subsystem
drivers: add Contiguous Memory Allocator
mm: trigger page reclaim in alloc_contig_range() to stabilise watermarks
mm: extract reclaim code from __alloc_pages_direct_reclaim()
mm: Serialize access to min_free_kbytes
mm: page_isolation: MIGRATE_CMA isolation functions added
mm: mmzone: MIGRATE_CMA migration type added
mm: page_alloc: change fallbacks array handling
mm: page_alloc: introduce alloc_contig_range()
mm: compaction: export some of the functions
mm: compaction: introduce isolate_freepages_range()
mm: compaction: introduce map_pages()
mm: compaction: introduce isolate_migratepages_range()
mm: page_alloc: remove trailing whitespace
ARM: dma-mapping: add support for IOMMU mapper
ARM: dma-mapping: use alloc, mmap, free from dma_ops
ARM: dma-mapping: remove redundant code and do the cleanup
...
Conflicts:
arch/x86/include/asm/dma-mapping.h
|
