fs/locks: create a tree of dependent requests.

When we find an existing lock which conflicts with a request,
and the request wants to wait, we currently add the request
to a list.  When the lock is removed, the whole list is woken.
This can cause the thundering-herd problem.
To reduce the problem, we make use of the (new) fact that
a pending request can itself have a list of blocked requests.
When we find a conflict, we look through the existing blocked requests.
If any one of them blocks the new request, the new request is attached
below that request, otherwise it is added to the list of blocked
requests, which are now known to be mutually non-conflicting.

This way, when the lock is released, only a set of non-conflicting
locks will be woken, the rest can stay asleep.
If the lock request cannot be granted and the request needs to be
requeued, all the other requests it blocks will then be woken

To make this more concrete:

  If you have a many-core machine, and have many threads all wanting to
  briefly lock a give file (udev is known to do this), you can get quite
  poor performance.

  When one thread releases a lock, it wakes up all other threads that
  are waiting (classic thundering-herd) - one will get the lock and the
  others go to sleep.
  When you have few cores, this is not very noticeable: by the time the
  4th or 5th thread gets enough CPU time to try to claim the lock, the
  earlier threads have claimed it, done what was needed, and released.
  So with few cores, many of the threads don't end up contending.
  With 50+ cores, lost of threads can get the CPU at the same time,
  and the contention can easily be measured.

  This patchset creates a tree of pending lock requests in which siblings
  don't conflict and each lock request does conflict with its parent.
  When a lock is released, only requests which don't conflict with each
  other a woken.

  Testing shows that lock-acquisitions-per-second is now fairly stable
  even as the number of contending process goes to 1000.  Without this
  patch, locks-per-second drops off steeply after a few 10s of
  processes.

  There is a small cost to this extra complexity.
  At 20 processes running a particular test on 72 cores, the lock
  acquisitions per second drops from 1.8 million to 1.4 million with
  this patch.  For 100 processes, this patch still provides 1.4 million
  while without this patch there are about 700,000.

Reported-and-tested-by: Martin Wilck <mwilck@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: NeilBrown <neilb@suse.com>
Reviewed-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@kernel.org>

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