summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/Documentation
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
authorLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2011-03-18 20:37:40 +0300
committerLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>2011-03-18 20:37:40 +0300
commite16b396ce314b2bcdfe6c173fe075bf8e3432368 (patch)
tree640f0f56f2ea676647af4eb42d32fa56be2ee549 /Documentation
parent7fd23a24717a327a66f3c32d11a20a2f169c824f (diff)
parente6e8dd5055a974935af1398c8648d4a9359b0ecb (diff)
downloadlinux-e16b396ce314b2bcdfe6c173fe075bf8e3432368.tar.xz
Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/trivial: (47 commits) doc: CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU doesn't exist anymore Update cpuset info & webiste for cgroups dcdbas: force SMI to happen when expected arch/arm/Kconfig: remove one to many l's in the word. asm-generic/user.h: Fix spelling in comment drm: fix printk typo 'sracth' Remove one to many n's in a word Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt: fixing link to genromfs drivers:scsi Change printk typo initate -> initiate serial, pch uart: Remove duplicate inclusion of linux/pci.h header fs/eventpoll.c: fix spelling mm: Fix out-of-date comments which refers non-existent functions drm: Fix printk typo 'failled' coh901318.c: Change initate to initiate. mbox-db5500.c Change initate to initiate. edac: correct i82975x error-info reported edac: correct i82975x mci initialisation edac: correct commented info fs: update comments to point correct document target: remove duplicate include of target/target_core_device.h from drivers/target/target_core_hba.c ... Trivial conflict in fs/eventpoll.c (spelling vs addition)
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
-rw-r--r--Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt17
-rw-r--r--Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt5
-rw-r--r--Documentation/device-mapper/dm-crypt.txt2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt3
-rw-r--r--Documentation/kbuild/kbuild.txt2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt3
-rw-r--r--Documentation/kvm/api.txt96
-rw-r--r--Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt2
-rw-r--r--Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.txt3
9 files changed, 67 insertions, 66 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt b/Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt
index 5d0d5692a365..98a30829af7a 100644
--- a/Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt
+++ b/Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ There are ways to query or modify cpusets:
- via the C library libcgroup.
(http://sourceforge.net/projects/libcg/)
- via the python application cset.
- (http://developer.novell.com/wiki/index.php/Cpuset)
+ (http://code.google.com/p/cpuset/)
The sched_setaffinity calls can also be done at the shell prompt using
SGI's runon or Robert Love's taskset. The mbind and set_mempolicy
@@ -725,13 +725,14 @@ Now you want to do something with this cpuset.
In this directory you can find several files:
# ls
-cpuset.cpu_exclusive cpuset.memory_spread_slab
-cpuset.cpus cpuset.mems
-cpuset.mem_exclusive cpuset.sched_load_balance
-cpuset.mem_hardwall cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level
-cpuset.memory_migrate notify_on_release
-cpuset.memory_pressure tasks
-cpuset.memory_spread_page
+cgroup.clone_children cpuset.memory_pressure
+cgroup.event_control cpuset.memory_spread_page
+cgroup.procs cpuset.memory_spread_slab
+cpuset.cpu_exclusive cpuset.mems
+cpuset.cpus cpuset.sched_load_balance
+cpuset.mem_exclusive cpuset.sched_relax_domain_level
+cpuset.mem_hardwall notify_on_release
+cpuset.memory_migrate tasks
Reading them will give you information about the state of this cpuset:
the CPUs and Memory Nodes it can use, the processes that are using
diff --git a/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt b/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt
index 7781857dc940..b6ed61c95856 100644
--- a/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt
+++ b/Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt
@@ -485,8 +485,9 @@ The feature can be disabled by
# echo 0 > memory.use_hierarchy
-NOTE1: Enabling/disabling will fail if the cgroup already has other
- cgroups created below it.
+NOTE1: Enabling/disabling will fail if either the cgroup already has other
+ cgroups created below it, or if the parent cgroup has use_hierarchy
+ enabled.
NOTE2: When panic_on_oom is set to "2", the whole system will panic in
case of an OOM event in any cgroup.
diff --git a/Documentation/device-mapper/dm-crypt.txt b/Documentation/device-mapper/dm-crypt.txt
index 59293ac4a5d0..6b5c42dbbe84 100644
--- a/Documentation/device-mapper/dm-crypt.txt
+++ b/Documentation/device-mapper/dm-crypt.txt
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ Example scripts
===============
LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) is now the preferred way to set up disk
encryption with dm-crypt using the 'cryptsetup' utility, see
-http://clemens.endorphin.org/cryptography
+http://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup/
[[
#!/bin/sh
diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt
index 2d2a7b2a16b9..e2b07cc9120a 100644
--- a/Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt
+++ b/Documentation/filesystems/romfs.txt
@@ -17,8 +17,7 @@ comparison, an actual rescue disk used up 3202 blocks with ext2, while
with romfs, it needed 3079 blocks.
To create such a file system, you'll need a user program named
-genromfs. It is available via anonymous ftp on sunsite.unc.edu and
-its mirrors, in the /pub/Linux/system/recovery/ directory.
+genromfs. It is available on http://romfs.sourceforge.net/
As the name suggests, romfs could be also used (space-efficiently) on
various read-only media, like (E)EPROM disks if someone will have the
diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/kbuild.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/kbuild.txt
index 4a990317b84a..8f63b224ab09 100644
--- a/Documentation/kbuild/kbuild.txt
+++ b/Documentation/kbuild/kbuild.txt
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ INSTALL_MOD_STRIP
INSTALL_MOD_STRIP, if defined, will cause modules to be
stripped after they are installed. If INSTALL_MOD_STRIP is '1', then
the default option --strip-debug will be used. Otherwise,
-INSTALL_MOD_STRIP will used as the options to the strip command.
+INSTALL_MOD_STRIP value will be used as the options to the strip command.
INSTALL_FW_PATH
--------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt
index 86e3cd0d26a0..5d145bb443c0 100644
--- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt
+++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt
@@ -1325,7 +1325,8 @@ The top Makefile exports the following variables:
If this variable is specified, will cause modules to be stripped
after they are installed. If INSTALL_MOD_STRIP is '1', then the
default option --strip-debug will be used. Otherwise,
- INSTALL_MOD_STRIP will used as the option(s) to the strip command.
+ INSTALL_MOD_STRIP value will be used as the option(s) to the strip
+ command.
=== 9 Makefile language
diff --git a/Documentation/kvm/api.txt b/Documentation/kvm/api.txt
index ad85797c1cf0..9bef4e4cec50 100644
--- a/Documentation/kvm/api.txt
+++ b/Documentation/kvm/api.txt
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ Returns: 0 on success, -1 on error
This ioctl is obsolete and has been removed.
-4.6 KVM_CREATE_VCPU
+4.7 KVM_CREATE_VCPU
Capability: basic
Architectures: all
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ Returns: vcpu fd on success, -1 on error
This API adds a vcpu to a virtual machine. The vcpu id is a small integer
in the range [0, max_vcpus).
-4.7 KVM_GET_DIRTY_LOG (vm ioctl)
+4.8 KVM_GET_DIRTY_LOG (vm ioctl)
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ since the last call to this ioctl. Bit 0 is the first page in the
memory slot. Ensure the entire structure is cleared to avoid padding
issues.
-4.8 KVM_SET_MEMORY_ALIAS
+4.9 KVM_SET_MEMORY_ALIAS
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ Returns: 0 (success), -1 (error)
This ioctl is obsolete and has been removed.
-4.9 KVM_RUN
+4.10 KVM_RUN
Capability: basic
Architectures: all
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ obtained by mmap()ing the vcpu fd at offset 0, with the size given by
KVM_GET_VCPU_MMAP_SIZE. The parameter block is formatted as a 'struct
kvm_run' (see below).
-4.10 KVM_GET_REGS
+4.11 KVM_GET_REGS
Capability: basic
Architectures: all
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ struct kvm_regs {
__u64 rip, rflags;
};
-4.11 KVM_SET_REGS
+4.12 KVM_SET_REGS
Capability: basic
Architectures: all
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ Writes the general purpose registers into the vcpu.
See KVM_GET_REGS for the data structure.
-4.12 KVM_GET_SREGS
+4.13 KVM_GET_SREGS
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ interrupt_bitmap is a bitmap of pending external interrupts. At most
one bit may be set. This interrupt has been acknowledged by the APIC
but not yet injected into the cpu core.
-4.13 KVM_SET_SREGS
+4.14 KVM_SET_SREGS
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ Returns: 0 on success, -1 on error
Writes special registers into the vcpu. See KVM_GET_SREGS for the
data structures.
-4.14 KVM_TRANSLATE
+4.15 KVM_TRANSLATE
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ struct kvm_translation {
__u8 pad[5];
};
-4.15 KVM_INTERRUPT
+4.16 KVM_INTERRUPT
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86, ppc
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ c) KVM_INTERRUPT_SET_LEVEL
Note that any value for 'irq' other than the ones stated above is invalid
and incurs unexpected behavior.
-4.16 KVM_DEBUG_GUEST
+4.17 KVM_DEBUG_GUEST
Capability: basic
Architectures: none
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ Returns: -1 on error
Support for this has been removed. Use KVM_SET_GUEST_DEBUG instead.
-4.17 KVM_GET_MSRS
+4.18 KVM_GET_MSRS
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ Application code should set the 'nmsrs' member (which indicates the
size of the entries array) and the 'index' member of each array entry.
kvm will fill in the 'data' member.
-4.18 KVM_SET_MSRS
+4.19 KVM_SET_MSRS
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ Application code should set the 'nmsrs' member (which indicates the
size of the entries array), and the 'index' and 'data' members of each
array entry.
-4.19 KVM_SET_CPUID
+4.20 KVM_SET_CPUID
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ struct kvm_cpuid {
struct kvm_cpuid_entry entries[0];
};
-4.20 KVM_SET_SIGNAL_MASK
+4.21 KVM_SET_SIGNAL_MASK
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ struct kvm_signal_mask {
__u8 sigset[0];
};
-4.21 KVM_GET_FPU
+4.22 KVM_GET_FPU
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ struct kvm_fpu {
__u32 pad2;
};
-4.22 KVM_SET_FPU
+4.23 KVM_SET_FPU
Capability: basic
Architectures: x86
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ struct kvm_fpu {
__u32 pad2;
};
-4.23 KVM_CREATE_IRQCHIP
+4.24 KVM_CREATE_IRQCHIP
Capability: KVM_CAP_IRQCHIP
Architectures: x86, ia64
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ ioapic, a virtual PIC (two PICs, nested), and sets up future vcpus to have a
local APIC. IRQ routing for GSIs 0-15 is set to both PIC and IOAPIC; GSI 16-23
only go to the IOAPIC. On ia64, a IOSAPIC is created.
-4.24 KVM_IRQ_LINE
+4.25 KVM_IRQ_LINE
Capability: KVM_CAP_IRQCHIP
Architectures: x86, ia64
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ struct kvm_irq_level {
__u32 level; /* 0 or 1 */
};
-4.25 KVM_GET_IRQCHIP
+4.26 KVM_GET_IRQCHIP
Capability: KVM_CAP_IRQCHIP
Architectures: x86, ia64
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ struct kvm_irqchip {
} chip;
};
-4.26 KVM_SET_IRQCHIP
+4.27 KVM_SET_IRQCHIP
Capability: KVM_CAP_IRQCHIP
Architectures: x86, ia64
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ struct kvm_irqchip {
} chip;
};
-4.27 KVM_XEN_HVM_CONFIG
+4.28 KVM_XEN_HVM_CONFIG
Capability: KVM_CAP_XEN_HVM
Architectures: x86
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ struct kvm_xen_hvm_config {
__u8 pad2[30];
};
-4.27 KVM_GET_CLOCK
+4.29 KVM_GET_CLOCK
Capability: KVM_CAP_ADJUST_CLOCK
Architectures: x86
@@ -636,7 +636,7 @@ struct kvm_clock_data {
__u32 pad[9];
};
-4.28 KVM_SET_CLOCK
+4.30 KVM_SET_CLOCK
Capability: KVM_CAP_ADJUST_CLOCK
Architectures: x86
@@ -654,7 +654,7 @@ struct kvm_clock_data {
__u32 pad[9];
};
-4.29 KVM_GET_VCPU_EVENTS
+4.31 KVM_GET_VCPU_EVENTS
Capability: KVM_CAP_VCPU_EVENTS
Extended by: KVM_CAP_INTR_SHADOW
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ struct kvm_vcpu_events {
KVM_VCPUEVENT_VALID_SHADOW may be set in the flags field to signal that
interrupt.shadow contains a valid state. Otherwise, this field is undefined.
-4.30 KVM_SET_VCPU_EVENTS
+4.32 KVM_SET_VCPU_EVENTS
Capability: KVM_CAP_VCPU_EVENTS
Extended by: KVM_CAP_INTR_SHADOW
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ If KVM_CAP_INTR_SHADOW is available, KVM_VCPUEVENT_VALID_SHADOW can be set in
the flags field to signal that interrupt.shadow contains a valid state and
shall be written into the VCPU.
-4.32 KVM_GET_DEBUGREGS
+4.33 KVM_GET_DEBUGREGS
Capability: KVM_CAP_DEBUGREGS
Architectures: x86
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ struct kvm_debugregs {
__u64 reserved[9];
};
-4.33 KVM_SET_DEBUGREGS
+4.34 KVM_SET_DEBUGREGS
Capability: KVM_CAP_DEBUGREGS
Architectures: x86
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ Writes debug registers into the vcpu.
See KVM_GET_DEBUGREGS for the data structure. The flags field is unused
yet and must be cleared on entry.
-4.34 KVM_SET_USER_MEMORY_REGION
+4.35 KVM_SET_USER_MEMORY_REGION
Capability: KVM_CAP_USER_MEM
Architectures: all
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ It is recommended to use this API instead of the KVM_SET_MEMORY_REGION ioctl.
The KVM_SET_MEMORY_REGION does not allow fine grained control over memory
allocation and is deprecated.
-4.35 KVM_SET_TSS_ADDR
+4.36 KVM_SET_TSS_ADDR
Capability: KVM_CAP_SET_TSS_ADDR
Architectures: x86
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ This ioctl is required on Intel-based hosts. This is needed on Intel hardware
because of a quirk in the virtualization implementation (see the internals
documentation when it pops into existence).
-4.36 KVM_ENABLE_CAP
+4.37 KVM_ENABLE_CAP
Capability: KVM_CAP_ENABLE_CAP
Architectures: ppc
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ function properly, this is the place to put them.
__u8 pad[64];
};
-4.37 KVM_GET_MP_STATE
+4.38 KVM_GET_MP_STATE
Capability: KVM_CAP_MP_STATE
Architectures: x86, ia64
@@ -879,7 +879,7 @@ Possible values are:
This ioctl is only useful after KVM_CREATE_IRQCHIP. Without an in-kernel
irqchip, the multiprocessing state must be maintained by userspace.
-4.38 KVM_SET_MP_STATE
+4.39 KVM_SET_MP_STATE
Capability: KVM_CAP_MP_STATE
Architectures: x86, ia64
@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ arguments.
This ioctl is only useful after KVM_CREATE_IRQCHIP. Without an in-kernel
irqchip, the multiprocessing state must be maintained by userspace.
-4.39 KVM_SET_IDENTITY_MAP_ADDR
+4.40 KVM_SET_IDENTITY_MAP_ADDR
Capability: KVM_CAP_SET_IDENTITY_MAP_ADDR
Architectures: x86
@@ -911,7 +911,7 @@ This ioctl is required on Intel-based hosts. This is needed on Intel hardware
because of a quirk in the virtualization implementation (see the internals
documentation when it pops into existence).
-4.40 KVM_SET_BOOT_CPU_ID
+4.41 KVM_SET_BOOT_CPU_ID
Capability: KVM_CAP_SET_BOOT_CPU_ID
Architectures: x86, ia64
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ Define which vcpu is the Bootstrap Processor (BSP). Values are the same
as the vcpu id in KVM_CREATE_VCPU. If this ioctl is not called, the default
is vcpu 0.
-4.41 KVM_GET_XSAVE
+4.42 KVM_GET_XSAVE
Capability: KVM_CAP_XSAVE
Architectures: x86
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@ struct kvm_xsave {
This ioctl would copy current vcpu's xsave struct to the userspace.
-4.42 KVM_SET_XSAVE
+4.43 KVM_SET_XSAVE
Capability: KVM_CAP_XSAVE
Architectures: x86
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ struct kvm_xsave {
This ioctl would copy userspace's xsave struct to the kernel.
-4.43 KVM_GET_XCRS
+4.44 KVM_GET_XCRS
Capability: KVM_CAP_XCRS
Architectures: x86
@@ -974,7 +974,7 @@ struct kvm_xcrs {
This ioctl would copy current vcpu's xcrs to the userspace.
-4.44 KVM_SET_XCRS
+4.45 KVM_SET_XCRS
Capability: KVM_CAP_XCRS
Architectures: x86
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ struct kvm_xcrs {
This ioctl would set vcpu's xcr to the value userspace specified.
-4.45 KVM_GET_SUPPORTED_CPUID
+4.46 KVM_GET_SUPPORTED_CPUID
Capability: KVM_CAP_EXT_CPUID
Architectures: x86
@@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ emulate them efficiently. The fields in each entry are defined as follows:
eax, ebx, ecx, edx: the values returned by the cpuid instruction for
this function/index combination
-4.46 KVM_PPC_GET_PVINFO
+4.47 KVM_PPC_GET_PVINFO
Capability: KVM_CAP_PPC_GET_PVINFO
Architectures: ppc
@@ -1085,7 +1085,7 @@ of 4 instructions that make up a hypercall.
If any additional field gets added to this structure later on, a bit for that
additional piece of information will be set in the flags bitmap.
-4.47 KVM_ASSIGN_PCI_DEVICE
+4.48 KVM_ASSIGN_PCI_DEVICE
Capability: KVM_CAP_DEVICE_ASSIGNMENT
Architectures: x86 ia64
@@ -1113,7 +1113,7 @@ following flags are specified:
/* Depends on KVM_CAP_IOMMU */
#define KVM_DEV_ASSIGN_ENABLE_IOMMU (1 << 0)
-4.48 KVM_DEASSIGN_PCI_DEVICE
+4.49 KVM_DEASSIGN_PCI_DEVICE
Capability: KVM_CAP_DEVICE_DEASSIGNMENT
Architectures: x86 ia64
@@ -1126,7 +1126,7 @@ Ends PCI device assignment, releasing all associated resources.
See KVM_CAP_DEVICE_ASSIGNMENT for the data structure. Only assigned_dev_id is
used in kvm_assigned_pci_dev to identify the device.
-4.49 KVM_ASSIGN_DEV_IRQ
+4.50 KVM_ASSIGN_DEV_IRQ
Capability: KVM_CAP_ASSIGN_DEV_IRQ
Architectures: x86 ia64
@@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@ The following flags are defined:
It is not valid to specify multiple types per host or guest IRQ. However, the
IRQ type of host and guest can differ or can even be null.
-4.50 KVM_DEASSIGN_DEV_IRQ
+4.51 KVM_DEASSIGN_DEV_IRQ
Capability: KVM_CAP_ASSIGN_DEV_IRQ
Architectures: x86 ia64
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ See KVM_ASSIGN_DEV_IRQ for the data structure. The target device is specified
by assigned_dev_id, flags must correspond to the IRQ type specified on
KVM_ASSIGN_DEV_IRQ. Partial deassignment of host or guest IRQ is allowed.
-4.51 KVM_SET_GSI_ROUTING
+4.52 KVM_SET_GSI_ROUTING
Capability: KVM_CAP_IRQ_ROUTING
Architectures: x86 ia64
@@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@ struct kvm_irq_routing_msi {
__u32 pad;
};
-4.52 KVM_ASSIGN_SET_MSIX_NR
+4.53 KVM_ASSIGN_SET_MSIX_NR
Capability: KVM_CAP_DEVICE_MSIX
Architectures: x86 ia64
@@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ struct kvm_assigned_msix_nr {
#define KVM_MAX_MSIX_PER_DEV 256
-4.53 KVM_ASSIGN_SET_MSIX_ENTRY
+4.54 KVM_ASSIGN_SET_MSIX_ENTRY
Capability: KVM_CAP_DEVICE_MSIX
Architectures: x86 ia64
diff --git a/Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt b/Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt
index 11d5ceda5bb0..36f007514db3 100644
--- a/Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt
+++ b/Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ the different loglevels.
- console_loglevel: messages with a higher priority than
this will be printed to the console
-- default_message_level: messages without an explicit priority
+- default_message_loglevel: messages without an explicit priority
will be printed with this priority
- minimum_console_loglevel: minimum (highest) value to which
console_loglevel can be set
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.txt b/Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.txt
index 2d70d0d95108..97bae3c576c2 100644
--- a/Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.txt
+++ b/Documentation/vm/unevictable-lru.txt
@@ -84,8 +84,7 @@ indicate that the page is being managed on the unevictable list.
The PG_unevictable flag is analogous to, and mutually exclusive with, the
PG_active flag in that it indicates on which LRU list a page resides when
-PG_lru is set. The unevictable list is compile-time configurable based on the
-UNEVICTABLE_LRU Kconfig option.
+PG_lru is set.
The Unevictable LRU infrastructure maintains unevictable pages on an additional
LRU list for a few reasons: