# LibMPUIO

LibMPUIO is a C library providing formatted and stream-oriented input/output
facilities for the [LibMPU](https://git.radix-linux.su/libs/libmpu.git/)
multiple precision arithmetic library.

The library follows the general design of the standard C `stdio` interface,
while adding native support for **LibMPU** integer, real, and complex objects.

**LibMPUIO** is designed around a simple text model:

- text is represented internally as UCS-2;
- files, terminals, pipes, and other external text streams use UTF-8;
- ordinary byte-oriented I/O remains available for raw binary data;
- formatted I/O supports both standard **C** objects and **LibMPU**
  arbitrary precision objects.

**LibMPUIO** is written in **C** and is intended for numerical programs, scientific
software, command-line tools, virtual machines, calculators, and other
applications using **LibMPU**.


## Features

**LibMPUIO** provides a `stdio`-like API based on the opaque `mpu_FILE` object.

Supported facilities include:

- standard streams:
  - `mpu_stdin`
  - `mpu_stdout`
  - `mpu_stderr`

- file operations:
  - `mpu_fopen()`
  - `mpu_fdopen()`
  - `mpu_freopen()`
  - `mpu_fclose()`
  - `mpu_fileno()`

- character and string I/O:
  - `mpu_fgetc()`
  - `mpu_fputc()`
  - `mpu_fgets()`
  - `mpu_fputs()`
  - `mpu_getline()`
  - `mpu_getdelim()`

- raw byte I/O:
  - `mpu_fread()`
  - `mpu_fwrite()`

- formatted output:
  - `mpu_printf()`
  - `mpu_fprintf()`
  - `mpu_sprintf()`
  - `mpu_snprintf()`
  - `mpu_dprintf()`
  - corresponding `v*` functions

- formatted input:
  - `mpu_scanf()`
  - `mpu_fscanf()`
  - `mpu_sscanf()`
  - corresponding `v*` functions

- stream positioning:
  - `mpu_fseek()`
  - `mpu_fseeko()`
  - `mpu_ftell()`
  - `mpu_ftello()`
  - `mpu_fgetpos()`
  - `mpu_fsetpos()`
  - `mpu_rewind()`

- buffering and stream status:
  - `mpu_fflush()`
  - `mpu_setvbuf()`
  - `mpu_setbuf()`
  - `mpu_setlinebuf()`
  - `mpu_feof()`
  - `mpu_ferror()`
  - `mpu_clearerr()`
  - `mpu_fpurge()`

- stream locking and unlocked operations;

- UCS-2 memory streams;

- dynamically allocated UCS-2 memory streams;

- user-defined cookie streams;

- command pipes through `mpu_popen()` and `mpu_pclose()`;

- 8-bit string, UCS-2 string, and UTF-8 string helper functions;

- strict UTF-8 / UCS-2 conversion functions.


## Character representation

**LibMPUIO uses** `__mpu_char16_t` UCS-2 code units for its internal text
representation.

String literals intended for **LibMPUIO** can be written using `MPU_UCS2()`:

```c
mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "Hello, world!\n" ) );
```

The `%s` formatted conversion operates on UCS-2 strings:

```c
__mpu_char16_t text[] = MPU_UCS2( "Hello" );

mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%s\n" ), text );
```

The `%a` conversion operates on an 8-bit multibyte string encoded according
to the active `LC_CTYPE` locale:

```c
__mpu_char8_t text[] = "Hello";

mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%a\n" ), text );
```

For file and terminal streams **LibMPUIO** converts text between its internal
UCS-2 representation and external UTF-8 representation.

Raw `mpu_fread()` and `mpu_fwrite()` operations do not perform text
conversion.


## LibMPU formatted numbers

**LibMPUIO** extends the standard formatted I/O syntax with the `Z<bits>`
modifier.

For example:

```c
mpu_int256_t value;

mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%Z256d\n" ), value );
```

**LibMPU** integer values may be formatted using decimal, octal, hexadecimal,
and binary representations.

Examples:

```c
mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%Z256d\n" ), value );
mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%Z256u\n" ), value );
mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%#Z256x\n" ), value );
mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%#Z256b\n" ), value );
```

*LibMPU* real objects use real conversions such as:

```c
mpu_real128_t value;

mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%Z128R\n" ), value );
mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%.20Z128E\n" ), value );
```

Both `%Z<bits>R` and `%Z<bits>E` may also be used when reading **LibMPU** real
objects.

For example:

```c
mpu_real128_t r1, r2;

mpu_sscanf( MPU_UCS2( "1.23456789E+10" ),
            MPU_UCS2( "%Z128R" ),
            r1 );

mpu_sscanf( MPU_UCS2( "1.23456789E+10" ),
            MPU_UCS2( "%Z128E" ),
            r2 );
```

**LibMPU** complex objects use the `%J` conversion:

```c
mpu_complex128_t value;

mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%Z128J\n" ), value );
```

The optional second precision field may be used to control the minimum
number of exponent digits for **LibMPU** real and complex output:

```c
mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "%.20.4Z128R\n" ), value );
```


## Requirements

**LibMPUIO** requires:

- an ISO C11 compiler;
- a POSIX-compatible operating system;
- POSIX threads;
- LibMPU;
- a UTF-8 capable environment for normal text operation.

**LibMPU** must be installed before configuring **LibMPUIO**.


## Building

**LibMPUIO** uses the **GNU Autotools** build system.

A normal build is:

```sh
./configure
make
```

To build using several jobs:

```sh
make -j$(nproc)
```

If the source tree was obtained directly from version control rather than
from a release tarball, the Autotools files may first need to be generated
with the project's **bootstrap** procedure.

Release tarballs should already contain the generated `configure` script.


## Installation

The default installation procedure is:

```sh
make install
```

For packaged installations a staging directory should normally be used:

```sh
make install DESTDIR="$PKG"
```

The public interface is provided by:

```text
libmpuio.h
```

Applications should include it as:

```c
#include <libmpuio.h>
```

and link against LibMPUIO and LibMPU.


## Example

```c
#include <locale.h>
#include <libmpuio.h>

int
main( void )
{
  mpu_real128_t value;

  setlocale( LC_ALL, "" );

  __mpu_init();

  mpu_sscanf( MPU_UCS2( "1.23456789E+10" ),
              MPU_UCS2( "%Z128R" ),
              value );

  mpu_printf( MPU_UCS2( "value = %.20Z128R\n" ), value );

  __mpu_free_context();

  return( 0 );
}
```


## Design

**LibMPUIO** deliberately keeps three concepts separate:

1. raw bytes;
2. UCS-2 internal text;
3. UTF-8 external text.

The library does not use the host C library's `FILE *` objects internally as
its public stream abstraction. Applications operate on `mpu_FILE *`
streams.

**LibMPUIO** is intended to provide a consistent I/O layer for **LibMPU**-based
software while retaining the familiar programming model of the standard C library.

**Enjoy**.