In order to support ACPI open-ended hardware configurations (e.g. development
boards) we need a way to augment the ACPI configuration provided by the firmware
image. A common example is connecting sensors on I2C / SPI buses on development
boards.

Although this can be accomplished by creating a kernel platform driver or
recompiling the firmware image with updated ACPI tables, neither is practical:
the former proliferates board specific kernel code while the latter requires
access to firmware tools which are often not publicly available.

Because ACPI supports external references in AML code a more practical
way to augment firmware ACPI configuration is by dynamically loading
user defined SSDT tables that contain the board specific information.

For example, to enumerate a Bosch BMA222E accelerometer on the I2C bus of the
Minnowboard MAX development board exposed via the LSE connector [1], the
following ASL code can be used:

DefinitionBlock ("minnowmax.aml", "SSDT", 1, "Vendor", "Accel", 0x00000003)
{
    External (\_SB.I2C6, DeviceObj)

    Scope (\_SB.I2C6)
    {
        Device (STAC)
        {
            Name (_ADR, Zero)
            Name (_HID, "BMA222E")

            Method (_CRS, 0, Serialized)
            {
                Name (RBUF, ResourceTemplate ()
                {
                    I2cSerialBus (0x0018, ControllerInitiated, 0x00061A80,
                                  AddressingMode7Bit, "\\_SB.I2C6", 0x00,
                                  ResourceConsumer, ,)
                    GpioInt (Edge, ActiveHigh, Exclusive, PullDown, 0x0000,
                             "\\_SB.GPO2", 0x00, ResourceConsumer, , )
                    { // Pin list
                        0
                    }
                })
                Return (RBUF)
            }
        }
    }
}

which can then be compiled to AML binary format:

$ iasl minnowmax.asl

Intel ACPI Component Architecture
ASL Optimizing Compiler version 20140214-64 [Mar 29 2014]
Copyright (c) 2000 - 2014 Intel Corporation

ASL Input:     minnomax.asl - 30 lines, 614 bytes, 7 keywords
AML Output:    minnowmax.aml - 165 bytes, 6 named objects, 1 executable opcodes

[1] http://wiki.minnowboard.org/MinnowBoard_MAX#Low_Speed_Expansion_Connector_.28Top.29

The resulting AML code can then be loaded by the kernel using one of the methods
below.

== Loading ACPI SSDTs from initrd ==

This option allows loading of user defined SSDTs from initrd and it is useful
when the system does not support EFI or when there is not enough EFI storage.

It works in a similar way with initrd based ACPI tables override/upgrade: SSDT
aml code must be placed in the first, uncompressed, initrd under the
"kernel/firmware/acpi" path. Multiple files can be used and this will translate
in loading multiple tables. Only SSDT and OEM tables are allowed. See
initrd_table_override.txt for more details.

Here is an example:

# Add the raw ACPI tables to an uncompressed cpio archive.
# They must be put into a /kernel/firmware/acpi directory inside the
# cpio archive.
# The uncompressed cpio archive must be the first.
# Other, typically compressed cpio archives, must be
# concatenated on top of the uncompressed one.
mkdir -p kernel/firmware/acpi
cp ssdt.aml kernel/firmware/acpi

# Create the uncompressed cpio archive and concatenate the original initrd
# on top:
find kernel | cpio -H newc --create > /boot/instrumented_initrd
cat /boot/initrd >>/boot/instrumented_initrd

== Loading ACPI SSDTs from EFI variables ==

This is the preferred method, when EFI is supported on the platform, because it
allows a persistent, OS independent way of storing the user defined SSDTs. There
is also work underway to implement EFI support for loading user defined SSDTs
and using this method will make it easier to convert to the EFI loading
mechanism when that will arrive.

In order to load SSDTs from an EFI variable the efivar_ssdt kernel command line
parameter can be used. The argument for the option is the variable name to
use. If there are multiple variables with the same name but with different
vendor GUIDs, all of them will be loaded.

In order to store the AML code in an EFI variable the efivarfs filesystem can be
used. It is enabled and mounted by default in /sys/firmware/efi/efivars in all
recent distribution.

Creating a new file in /sys/firmware/efi/efivars will automatically create a new
EFI variable. Updating a file in /sys/firmware/efi/efivars will update the EFI
variable. Please note that the file name needs to be specially formatted as
"Name-GUID" and that the first 4 bytes in the file (little-endian format)
represent the attributes of the EFI variable (see EFI_VARIABLE_MASK in
include/linux/efi.h). Writing to the file must also be done with one write
operation.

For example, you can use the following bash script to create/update an EFI
variable with the content from a given file:

#!/bin/sh -e

while ! [ -z "$1" ]; do
        case "$1" in
        "-f") filename="$2"; shift;;
        "-g") guid="$2"; shift;;
        *) name="$1";;
        esac
        shift
done

usage()
{
        echo "Syntax: ${0##*/} -f filename [ -g guid ] name"
        exit 1
}

[ -n "$name" -a -f "$filename" ] || usage

EFIVARFS="/sys/firmware/efi/efivars"

[ -d "$EFIVARFS" ] || exit 2

if stat -tf $EFIVARFS | grep -q -v de5e81e4; then
        mount -t efivarfs none $EFIVARFS
fi

# try to pick up an existing GUID
[ -n "$guid" ] || guid=$(find "$EFIVARFS" -name "$name-*" | head -n1 | cut -f2- -d-)

# use a randomly generated GUID
[ -n "$guid" ] || guid="$(cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid)"

# efivarfs expects all of the data in one write
tmp=$(mktemp)
/bin/echo -ne "\007\000\000\000" | cat - $filename > $tmp
dd if=$tmp of="$EFIVARFS/$name-$guid" bs=$(stat -c %s $tmp)
rm $tmp

== Loading ACPI SSDTs from configfs ==

This option allows loading of user defined SSDTs from userspace via the configfs
interface. The CONFIG_ACPI_CONFIGFS option must be select and configfs must be
mounted. In the following examples, we assume that configfs has been mounted in
/config.

New tables can be loading by creating new directories in /config/acpi/table/ and
writing the SSDT aml code in the aml attribute:

cd /config/acpi/table
mkdir my_ssdt
cat ~/ssdt.aml > my_ssdt/aml