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For inline asm statements which have a CALL instruction, we list the
stack pointer as a constraint to convince GCC to ensure the frame
pointer is set up first:
static inline void foo()
{
register void *__sp asm(_ASM_SP);
asm("call bar" : "+r" (__sp))
}
Unfortunately, that pattern causes Clang to corrupt the stack pointer.
The fix is easy: convert the stack pointer register variable to a global
variable.
It should be noted that the end result is different based on the GCC
version. With GCC 6.4, this patch has exactly the same result as
before:
defconfig defconfig-nofp distro distro-nofp
before 9820389 9491555 8816046 8516940
after 9820389 9491555 8816046 8516940
With GCC 7.2, however, GCC's behavior has changed. It now changes its
behavior based on the conversion of the register variable to a global.
That somehow convinces it to *always* set up the frame pointer before
inserting *any* inline asm. (Therefore, listing the variable as an
output constraint is a no-op and is no longer necessary.) It's a bit
overkill, but the performance impact should be negligible. And in fact,
there's a nice improvement with frame pointers disabled:
defconfig defconfig-nofp distro distro-nofp
before 9796316 9468236 9076191 8790305
after 9796957 9464267 9076381 8785949
So in summary, while listing the stack pointer as an output constraint
is no longer necessary for newer versions of GCC, it's still needed for
older versions.
Suggested-by: Andrey Ryabinin <aryabinin@virtuozzo.com>
Reported-by: Matthias Kaehlcke <mka@chromium.org>
Signed-off-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Cc: Dmitriy Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Miguel Bernal Marin <miguel.bernal.marin@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/3db862e970c432ae823cf515c52b54fec8270e0e.1505942196.git.jpoimboe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
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Now that objtool knows the states of all registers on the stack for each
instruction, it's straightforward to generate debuginfo for an unwinder
to use.
Instead of generating DWARF, generate a new format called ORC, which is
more suitable for an in-kernel unwinder. See
Documentation/x86/orc-unwinder.txt for a more detailed description of
this new debuginfo format and why it's preferable to DWARF.
Signed-off-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Mike Galbraith <efault@gmx.de>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/c9b9f01ba6c5ed2bdc9bb0957b78167fdbf9632e.1499786555.git.jpoimboe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
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This is a major rewrite of objtool. Instead of only tracking frame
pointer changes, it now tracks all stack-related operations, including
all register saves/restores.
In addition to making stack validation more robust, this also paves the
way for undwarf generation.
Signed-off-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/678bd94c0566c6129bcc376cddb259c4c5633004.1498659915.git.jpoimboe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
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There are several cases in compiled C code where a function may not
return at the end, and may instead fall through to the next function.
That may indicate a bug in the code, or a gcc bug, or even an objtool
bug. But in each case, objtool reports an unhelpful warning, something
like:
drivers/scsi/qla2xxx/qla_attr.o: warning: objtool: qla2x00_get_fc_host_stats()+0x0: duplicate frame pointer save
drivers/scsi/qla2xxx/qla_attr.o: warning: objtool: qla2x00_get_fc_host_stats()+0x0: frame pointer state mismatch
Detect this situation and print a more useful error message:
drivers/scsi/qla2xxx/qla_attr.o: warning: objtool: qla2x00_get_host_fabric_name() falls through to next function qla2x00_get_starget_node_name()
Also add some information about this warning and its potential causes to
the documentation.
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Alexander Shishkin <alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@amacapital.net>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@redhat.com>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/caa4ec6c687931db805e692d4e4bf06cd87d33e6.1460729697.git.jpoimboe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
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This adds a host tool named objtool which has a "check" subcommand which
analyzes .o files to ensure the validity of stack metadata. It enforces
a set of rules on asm code and C inline assembly code so that stack
traces can be reliable.
For each function, it recursively follows all possible code paths and
validates the correct frame pointer state at each instruction.
It also follows code paths involving kernel special sections, like
.altinstructions, __jump_table, and __ex_table, which can add
alternative execution paths to a given instruction (or set of
instructions). Similarly, it knows how to follow switch statements, for
which gcc sometimes uses jump tables.
Here are some of the benefits of validating stack metadata:
a) More reliable stack traces for frame pointer enabled kernels
Frame pointers are used for debugging purposes. They allow runtime
code and debug tools to be able to walk the stack to determine the
chain of function call sites that led to the currently executing
code.
For some architectures, frame pointers are enabled by
CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER. For some other architectures they may be
required by the ABI (sometimes referred to as "backchain pointers").
For C code, gcc automatically generates instructions for setting up
frame pointers when the -fno-omit-frame-pointer option is used.
But for asm code, the frame setup instructions have to be written by
hand, which most people don't do. So the end result is that
CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER is honored for C code but not for most asm code.
For stack traces based on frame pointers to be reliable, all
functions which call other functions must first create a stack frame
and update the frame pointer. If a first function doesn't properly
create a stack frame before calling a second function, the *caller*
of the first function will be skipped on the stack trace.
For example, consider the following example backtrace with frame
pointers enabled:
[<ffffffff81812584>] dump_stack+0x4b/0x63
[<ffffffff812d6dc2>] cmdline_proc_show+0x12/0x30
[<ffffffff8127f568>] seq_read+0x108/0x3e0
[<ffffffff812cce62>] proc_reg_read+0x42/0x70
[<ffffffff81256197>] __vfs_read+0x37/0x100
[<ffffffff81256b16>] vfs_read+0x86/0x130
[<ffffffff81257898>] SyS_read+0x58/0xd0
[<ffffffff8181c1f2>] entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x12/0x76
It correctly shows that the caller of cmdline_proc_show() is
seq_read().
If we remove the frame pointer logic from cmdline_proc_show() by
replacing the frame pointer related instructions with nops, here's
what it looks like instead:
[<ffffffff81812584>] dump_stack+0x4b/0x63
[<ffffffff812d6dc2>] cmdline_proc_show+0x12/0x30
[<ffffffff812cce62>] proc_reg_read+0x42/0x70
[<ffffffff81256197>] __vfs_read+0x37/0x100
[<ffffffff81256b16>] vfs_read+0x86/0x130
[<ffffffff81257898>] SyS_read+0x58/0xd0
[<ffffffff8181c1f2>] entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x12/0x76
Notice that cmdline_proc_show()'s caller, seq_read(), has been
skipped. Instead the stack trace seems to show that
cmdline_proc_show() was called by proc_reg_read().
The benefit of "objtool check" here is that because it ensures that
*all* functions honor CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER, no functions will ever[*]
be skipped on a stack trace.
[*] unless an interrupt or exception has occurred at the very
beginning of a function before the stack frame has been created,
or at the very end of the function after the stack frame has been
destroyed. This is an inherent limitation of frame pointers.
b) 100% reliable stack traces for DWARF enabled kernels
This is not yet implemented. For more details about what is planned,
see tools/objtool/Documentation/stack-validation.txt.
c) Higher live patching compatibility rate
This is not yet implemented. For more details about what is planned,
see tools/objtool/Documentation/stack-validation.txt.
To achieve the validation, "objtool check" enforces the following rules:
1. Each callable function must be annotated as such with the ELF
function type. In asm code, this is typically done using the
ENTRY/ENDPROC macros. If objtool finds a return instruction
outside of a function, it flags an error since that usually indicates
callable code which should be annotated accordingly.
This rule is needed so that objtool can properly identify each
callable function in order to analyze its stack metadata.
2. Conversely, each section of code which is *not* callable should *not*
be annotated as an ELF function. The ENDPROC macro shouldn't be used
in this case.
This rule is needed so that objtool can ignore non-callable code.
Such code doesn't have to follow any of the other rules.
3. Each callable function which calls another function must have the
correct frame pointer logic, if required by CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER or
the architecture's back chain rules. This can by done in asm code
with the FRAME_BEGIN/FRAME_END macros.
This rule ensures that frame pointer based stack traces will work as
designed. If function A doesn't create a stack frame before calling
function B, the _caller_ of function A will be skipped on the stack
trace.
4. Dynamic jumps and jumps to undefined symbols are only allowed if:
a) the jump is part of a switch statement; or
b) the jump matches sibling call semantics and the frame pointer has
the same value it had on function entry.
This rule is needed so that objtool can reliably analyze all of a
function's code paths. If a function jumps to code in another file,
and it's not a sibling call, objtool has no way to follow the jump
because it only analyzes a single file at a time.
5. A callable function may not execute kernel entry/exit instructions.
The only code which needs such instructions is kernel entry code,
which shouldn't be be in callable functions anyway.
This rule is just a sanity check to ensure that callable functions
return normally.
It currently only supports x86_64. I tried to make the code generic so
that support for other architectures can hopefully be plugged in
relatively easily.
On my Lenovo laptop with a i7-4810MQ 4-core/8-thread CPU, building the
kernel with objtool checking every .o file adds about three seconds of
total build time. It hasn't been optimized for performance yet, so
there are probably some opportunities for better build performance.
Signed-off-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Bernd Petrovitsch <bernd@petrovitsch.priv.at>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Chris J Arges <chris.j.arges@canonical.com>
Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@gmail.com>
Cc: Pedro Alves <palves@redhat.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/f3efb173de43bd067b060de73f856567c0fa1174.1456719558.git.jpoimboe@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
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