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2016-02-15ALSA: timer: Fix race between stop and interruptTakashi Iwai1-0/+4
commit ed8b1d6d2c741ab26d60d499d7fbb7ac801f0f51 upstream. A slave timer element also unlinks at snd_timer_stop() but it takes only slave_active_lock. When a slave is assigned to a master, however, this may become a race against the master's interrupt handling, eventually resulting in a list corruption. The actual bug could be seen with a syzkaller fuzzer test case in BugLink below. As a fix, we need to take timeri->timer->lock when timer isn't NULL, i.e. assigned to a master, while the assignment to a master itself is protected by slave_active_lock. BugLink: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CACT4Y+Y_Bm+7epAb=8Wi=AaWd+DYS7qawX52qxdCfOfY49vozQ@mail.gmail.com Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
2016-02-15ALSA: timer: Fix wrong instance passed to slave callbacksTakashi Iwai1-1/+1
commit 117159f0b9d392fb433a7871426fad50317f06f7 upstream. In snd_timer_notify1(), the wrong timer instance was passed for slave ccallback function. This leads to the access to the wrong data when an incompatible master is handled (e.g. the master is the sequencer timer and the slave is a user timer), as spotted by syzkaller fuzzer. This patch fixes that wrong assignment. BugLink: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CACT4Y+Y_Bm+7epAb=8Wi=AaWd+DYS7qawX52qxdCfOfY49vozQ@mail.gmail.com Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
2016-02-15ALSA: timer: Fix link corruption due to double start or stopTakashi Iwai1-2/+28
commit f784beb75ce82f4136f8a0960d3ee872f7109e09 upstream. Although ALSA timer code got hardening for races, it still causes use-after-free error. This is however rather a corrupted linked list, not actually the concurrent accesses. Namely, when timer start is triggered twice, list_add_tail() is called twice, too. This ends up with the link corruption and triggers KASAN error. The simplest fix would be replacing list_add_tail() with list_move_tail(), but fundamentally it's the problem that we don't check the double start/stop correctly. So, the right fix here is to add the proper checks to snd_timer_start() and snd_timer_stop() (and their variants). BugLink: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CACT4Y+ZyPRoMQjmawbvmCEDrkBD2BQuH7R09=eOkf5ESK8kJAw@mail.gmail.com Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
2016-02-15ALSA: timer: Fix leftover link at closingTakashi Iwai1-2/+2
commit 094fd3be87b0f102589e2d5c3fa5d06b7e20496d upstream. In ALSA timer core, the active timer instance is managed in active_list linked list. Each element is added / removed dynamically at timer start, stop and in timer interrupt. The problem is that snd_timer_interrupt() has a thinko and leaves the element in active_list when it's the last opened element. This eventually leads to list corruption or use-after-free error. This hasn't been revealed because we used to delete the list forcibly in snd_timer_stop() in the past. However, the recent fix avoids the double-stop behavior (in commit [f784beb75ce8: ALSA: timer: Fix link corruption due to double start or stop]), and this leak hits reality. This patch fixes the link management in snd_timer_interrupt(). Now it simply unlinks no matter which stream is. BugLink: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/CACT4Y+Yy2aukHP-EDp8-ziNqNNmb-NTf=jDWXMP7jB8HDa2vng@mail.gmail.com Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
2016-02-15ALSA: timer: Code cleanupTakashi Iwai1-17/+11
commit c3b1681375dc6e71d89a3ae00cc3ce9e775a8917 upstream. This is a minor code cleanup without any functional changes: - Kill keep_flag argument from _snd_timer_stop(), as all callers pass only it false. - Remove redundant NULL check in _snd_timer_stop(). Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
2016-01-27ALSA: timer: Fix double unlink of active_listTakashi Iwai1-1/+1
commit ee8413b01045c74340aa13ad5bdf905de32be736 upstream. ALSA timer instance object has a couple of linked lists and they are unlinked unconditionally at snd_timer_stop(). Meanwhile snd_timer_interrupt() unlinks it, but it calls list_del() which leaves the element list itself unchanged. This ends up with unlinking twice, and it was caught by syzkaller fuzzer. The fix is to use list_del_init() variant properly there, too. Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Tested-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
2016-01-27ALSA: timer: Fix race among timer ioctlsTakashi Iwai1-13/+19
commit af368027a49a751d6ff4ee9e3f9961f35bb4fede upstream. ALSA timer ioctls have an open race and this may lead to a use-after-free of timer instance object. A simplistic fix is to make each ioctl exclusive. We have already tread_sem for controlling the tread, and extend this as a global mutex to be applied to each ioctl. The downside is, of course, the worse concurrency. But these ioctls aren't to be parallel accessible, in anyway, so it should be fine to serialize there. Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Tested-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
2016-01-27ALSA: timer: Harden slave timer list handlingTakashi Iwai1-4/+14
commit b5a663aa426f4884c71cd8580adae73f33570f0d upstream. A slave timer instance might be still accessible in a racy way while operating the master instance as it lacks of locking. Since the master operation is mostly protected with timer->lock, we should cope with it while changing the slave instance, too. Also, some linked lists (active_list and ack_list) of slave instances aren't unlinked immediately at stopping or closing, and this may lead to unexpected accesses. This patch tries to address these issues. It adds spin lock of timer->lock (either from master or slave, which is equivalent) in a few places. For avoiding a deadlock, we ensure that the global slave_active_lock is always locked at first before each timer lock. Also, ack and active_list of slave instances are properly unlinked at snd_timer_stop() and snd_timer_close(). Last but not least, remove the superfluous call of _snd_timer_stop() at removing slave links. This is a noop, and calling it may confuse readers wrt locking. Further cleanup will follow in a later patch. Actually we've got reports of use-after-free by syzkaller fuzzer, and this hopefully fixes these issues. Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz>
2012-03-11device.h: cleanup users outside of linux/include (C files)Paul Gortmaker1-0/+1
For files that are actively using linux/device.h, make sure that they call it out. This will allow us to clean up some of the implicit uses of linux/device.h within include/* without introducing build regressions. Yes, this was created by "cheating" -- i.e. the headers were cleaned up, and then the fallout was found and fixed, and then the two commits were reordered. This ensures we don't introduce build regressions into the git history. Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
2011-11-01sound: fix drivers needing module.h not moduleparam.hPaul Gortmaker1-1/+1
The implicit presence of module.h lured several users into incorrectly thinking that they only needed/used modparam.h but once we clean up the module.h presence, these will show up as build failures, so fix 'em now. Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
2011-08-08ALSA: timer - Add NULL-check for invalid slave timerTakashi Iwai1-0/+3
Just to be sure. Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2011-08-08ALSA: timer - Fix Oops at closing slave timerTakashi Iwai1-0/+2
A slave-timer instance has no timer reference, and this results in NULL-dereference at stopping the timer, typically called at closing the device. Reference: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=40682 Cc: <stable@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2011-03-16ALSA: sound/core: merge list_del()/list_add_tail() to list_move_tail()Nicolas Kaiser1-5/+3
Merge list_del() + list_add_tail() to list_move_tail(). Signed-off-by: Nicolas Kaiser <nikai@nikai.net> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2010-11-24ALSA: support module on-demand loading for seq and timerKay Sievers1-0/+3
If CONFIG_SND_DYNAMIC_MINORS is used, assign /dev/snd/seq and /dev/snd/timer the usual static minors, and export specific module aliases to generate udev module on-demand loading instructions: $ cat /lib/modules/2.6.33.4-smp/modules.devname # Device nodes to trigger on-demand module loading. microcode cpu/microcode c10:184 fuse fuse c10:229 ppp_generic ppp c108:0 tun net/tun c10:200 uinput uinput c10:223 dm_mod mapper/control c10:236 snd_timer snd/timer c116:33 snd_seq snd/seq c116:1 The last two lines instruct udev to create device nodes, even when the modules are not loaded at that time. As soon as userspace accesses any of these nodes, the in-kernel module-loader will load the module, and the device can be used. The header file minor calculation needed to be simplified to make __stringify() (supports only two indirections) in the MODULE_ALIAS macro work. This is part of systemd's effort to get rid of unconditional module load instructions and needless init scripts. Cc: Lennart Poettering <lennart@poettering.net> Signed-off-by: Kay Sievers <kay.sievers@vrfy.org> Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2010-11-22ALSA: timer: automatically load the high-resolution timerClemens Ladisch1-2/+2
Increase the default timer limit so that snd-hrtimer.ko can be automatically loaded when needed, e.g., when used as the default sequencer timer. This replaces the check for the obsolete CONFIG_SND_HPET. Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2010-05-20Merge branch 'topic/core-cleanup' into for-linusTakashi Iwai1-0/+6
2010-05-05ALSA: take tu->qlock with irqs disabledDan Carpenter1-2/+3
We should disable irqs when we take the tu->qlock because it is used in the irq handler. The only place that doesn't is snd_timer_user_ccallback(). Most of the time snd_timer_user_ccallback() is called with interrupts disabled but the the first ti->ccallback() call in snd_timer_notify1() has interrupts enabled. This was caught by lockdep which generates the following message: > ================================= > [ INFO: inconsistent lock state ] > 2.6.34-rc5 #5 > --------------------------------- > inconsistent {HARDIRQ-ON-W} -> {IN-HARDIRQ-W} usage. > dolphin/4003 [HC1[1]:SC0[0]:HE0:SE1] takes: > (&(&tu->qlock)->rlock){?.+...}, at: [<f84ec472>] snd_timer_user_tinterrupt+0x28/0x132 [snd_timer] > {HARDIRQ-ON-W} state was registered at: > [<c1048de9>] __lock_acquire+0x654/0x1482 > [<c1049c73>] lock_acquire+0x5c/0x73 > [<c125ac3e>] _raw_spin_lock+0x25/0x34 > [<f84ec370>] snd_timer_user_ccallback+0x55/0x95 [snd_timer] > [<f84ecc4b>] snd_timer_notify1+0x53/0xca [snd_timer] Reported-by: Stefan Richter <stefanr@s5r6.in-berlin.de> Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <error27@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2010-04-13ALSA: core - Define llseek fopsTakashi Iwai1-0/+6
Set no_llseek to llseek file ops of each sound component (but for hwdep). This avoids the implicit BKL invocation via generic_file_llseek() used as default when fops.llseek is NULL. Also call nonseekable_open() at each open ops to ensure the file flags have no seek bit. Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2010-03-04ALSA: timer - pass real event in snd_timer_notify1() to instance callbackJaroslav Kysela1-1/+1
Do not use hardcoded SNDRV_TIMER_EVENT_START value. Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2009-04-14ALSA: sound/core: use memdup_user()Li Zefan1-7/+4
Remove open-coded memdup_user(). Signed-off-by: Li Zefan <lizf@cn.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2009-03-16Rationalize fasync return valuesJonathan Corbet1-5/+1
Most fasync implementations do something like: return fasync_helper(...); But fasync_helper() will return a positive value at times - a feature used in at least one place. Thus, a number of other drivers do: err = fasync_helper(...); if (err < 0) return err; return 0; In the interests of consistency and more concise code, it makes sense to map positive return values onto zero where ->fasync() is called. Cc: Al Viro <viro@ZenIV.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
2008-12-18ALSA: hda - Convert from takslet_hi_schedule() to tasklet_schedule()Takashi Iwai1-1/+1
Replace all tasklet_hi_schedule() callers with the normal tasklet_schedule(). The former often causes troubles with RT-kernels, and has actually no merit. Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2008-11-01saner FASYNC handling on file closeAl Viro1-1/+0
As it is, all instances of ->release() for files that have ->fasync() need to remember to evict file from fasync lists; forgetting that creates a hole and we actually have a bunch that *does* forget. So let's keep our lives simple - let __fput() check FASYNC in file->f_flags and call ->fasync() there if it's been set. And lose that crap in ->release() instances - leaving it there is still valid, but we don't have to bother anymore. Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-08-15ALSA: fix a typo during snd_assert() removalTakashi Iwai1-1/+1
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
2008-08-13ALSA: Kill snd_assert() in sound/core/*Takashi Iwai1-13/+20
Kill snd_assert() in sound/core/*, either removed or replaced with if () with snd_BUG_ON(). Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
2008-07-10ALSA: remove CONFIG_KMOD from soundJohannes Berg1-3/+3
A bunch of things in alsa depend on CONFIG_KMOD, use CONFIG_MODULES instead where the dependency is needed at all. Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes@sipsolutions.net> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
2008-02-15Dont touch fs_struct in driversJan Blunck1-2/+0
The sound drivers and the pnpbios core test for current->root != NULL. This test seems to be unnecessary since we always have rootfs mounted before initializing the drivers. Signed-off-by: Jan Blunck <jblunck@suse.de> Acked-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de> Cc: Bjorn Helgaas <bjorn.helgaas@hp.com> Cc: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz> Acked-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-01-31[ALSA] Remove sound/driver.hTakashi Iwai1-1/+0
This header file exists only for some hacks to adapt alsa-driver tree. It's useless for building in the kernel. Let's move a few lines in it to sound/core.h and remove it. With this patch, sound/driver.h isn't removed but has just a single compile warning to include it. This should be really killed in future. Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
2008-01-31[ALSA] Use posix clock monotonic for PCM and timer timestampsJaroslav Kysela1-3/+13
We need an accurate and continuous (monotonic) time sources to do accurate synchronization among more timing sources. This patch allows to enable monotonic timestamps for ALSA PCM devices and enables monotonic timestamps for ALSA timer devices. Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
2007-10-16[ALSA] Changed Jaroslav Kysela's e-mail from perex@suse.cz to perex@perex.czJaroslav Kysela1-2/+2
Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
2007-07-20[ALSA] timer: check for incorrect device state in non-debug compiles, tooClemens Ladisch1-9/+18
Convert the snd_assert()s to simple if()s to prevent crashes when one of the timer instance ioctls is called before the file is bound to a timer device. Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2007-05-08header cleaning: don't include smp_lock.h when not usedRandy Dunlap1-1/+0
Remove includes of <linux/smp_lock.h> where it is not used/needed. Suggested by Al Viro. Builds cleanly on x86_64, i386, alpha, ia64, powerpc, sparc, sparc64, and arm (all 59 defconfigs). Signed-off-by: Randy Dunlap <randy.dunlap@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-02-12[PATCH] mark struct file_operations const 9Arjan van de Ven1-1/+1
Many struct file_operations in the kernel can be "const". Marking them const moves these to the .rodata section, which avoids false sharing with potential dirty data. In addition it'll catch accidental writes at compile time to these shared resources. Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-02-09[ALSA] Remove useless reference to obsolete KERNELDRobert P. J. Day1-3/+0
Remove the final useless reference to the obsolete KERNELD feature. Signed-off-by: Robert P. J. Day <rpjday@mindspring.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2007-02-09[ALSA] alsa core: convert to list_for_each_entry*Johannes Berg1-52/+25
This patch converts most uses of list_for_each to list_for_each_entry all across alsa. In some place apparently an item can be on a list with different pointers so of course that isn't compatible with list_for_each, I therefore didn't touch those places. Signed-off-by: Johannes Berg <johannes@sipsolutions.net> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2006-09-23[ALSA] system timer: remove unused snd_timer_system_private.timer fieldClemens Ladisch1-1/+0
Remove the snd_timer_system_private structure's timer field that was never used. Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2006-09-23[ALSA] timer: fix timer reschedulingClemens Ladisch1-1/+1
When checking whether a hardware timer needs to be rescheduled, we have to compare against the previously scheduled interval and not against the actual interval between the last two interrupts. Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2006-09-23[ALSA] system timer: clear correction value when timer stopsClemens Ladisch1-0/+1
Do not retain the old correction value when the timer was stopped. Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2006-09-23[ALSA] system timer: accumulate correction for multiple lost ticksClemens Ladisch1-1/+1
When multiple timer interrupts arrive too late, correct for all delays instead of ignoring the earlier ones. Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2006-09-23[ALSA] system timer: fix lost ticks correction adjustmentClemens Ladisch1-1/+1
Fix the adjustment of the lost ticks correction variable in the case when the correction has been fully taken into account in the next timer expiration value. Subtracting the scheduled ticks value would result in an underflow. Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2006-09-23[ALSA] Unregister device files at disconnectionTakashi Iwai1-30/+22
Orignally proposed by Sam Revitch <sam.revitch@gmail.com>. Unregister device files at disconnection to avoid the futher accesses. Also, the dev_unregister callback is removed and replaced with the combination of disconnect + free. A new function snd_card_free_when_closed() is introduced, which is used in USB disconnect callback. Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2006-09-23[ALSA] Fix disconnection of proc interfaceTakashi Iwai1-1/+1
- Add the linked list to each proc entry to enable a single-shot disconnection (unregister) - Deprecate snd_info_unregister(), use snd_info_free_entry() - Removed NULL checks of snd_info_free_entry() Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2006-07-12[ALSA] Fix a deadlock in snd-rtctimerTakashi Iwai1-2/+3
Fix a occasional deadlock occuring with snd-rtctimer driver, added irqsave to the lock in tasklet (ALSA bug#952). Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de> Signed-off-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@suse.cz>
2006-06-22[ALSA] Remove zero-initialization of static variablesTakashi Iwai1-1/+1
Removed zero-initializations of static variables. A tiny optimization. Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2006-06-22[ALSA] Fix compile warning in timer.cTakashi Iwai1-1/+0
Fix a compile warning in timer.c due to unused variables. Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2006-06-22[ALSA] Remove spinlocks around proc printsTakashi Iwai1-2/+0
Don't lock during showing proc read. snd_iprintf() might sleep. Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2006-06-22[ALSA] Remove unneeded read/write_size fields in proc text opsTakashi Iwai1-1/+0
Remove unneeded read/write_size fields in proc text ops. snd_info_set_text_ops() is fixed, too. Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2006-03-22[ALSA] semaphore -> mutex (core part)Ingo Molnar1-38/+39
Semaphore to mutex conversion. The conversion was generated via scripts, and the result was validated automatically via a script as well. Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2006-01-03[ALSA] Optimize for config without PROC_FSTakashi Iwai1-17/+31
Modules: HWDEP Midlevel,ALSA Core,PCM Midlevel,Timer Midlevel Optimize the code when compiled without CONFIG_PROC_FS. Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
2006-01-03[ALSA] dynamic minors (3/6): store device-specific object pointers dynamicallyClemens Ladisch1-2/+2
Instead of storing the pointers to the device-specific structures in an array, put them into the struct snd_minor, and look them up dynamically. This makes the device type modules independent of the minor number encoding. Signed-off-by: Clemens Ladisch <clemens@ladisch.de>
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