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2026-08-13Merge tag 'net-7.2-rc8' of ↵Linus Torvalds2-4/+8
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net Pull networking fixes from Paolo Abeni: "Including fixes from netfilter. There is a known WiFi/mt76 regression, waiting for a complete fix that should land soonish. Previous releases - regressions: - tcp: fix icsk_ack.ato bitfield overflow - af_unix: Unlink scc_entry in unix_del_edge() - ipv4: fix use-after-free in fib_nhc_update_mtu() - netfilter: - ipset: fix refcount race between list:set GC and swap - nf_tables_offload: suppress WARN_ON_ONCE for ENOMEM in abort path - sched: act_ct: fix sk_buff leak when the header checks reject a packet - sctp: clear new_transport when removing a peer - dibs: correct freeing of dmb_clientid_arr - ovpn: fix NULL dereference when killing missing key - eth: - veth: fix queue index used to wake the peer txq in veth_poll - ngbe: fix NULL pointer dereference in non-MSI-X interrupt enabling - gve: fix zero-length skb frag with header-split Previous releases - always broken: - core: fix skb length accounting after generic XDP frag adjustment - af_packet: don't send zero-byte data in tpacket_snd(). - eth: - bnxt: avoid deadlock when canceling IRQ affinity notifier - ipvlan: inherit needed_headroom and needed_tailroom from phy_dev" * tag 'net-7.2-rc8' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net: (55 commits) l2tp: fix tunnel and session refcount leak on seq_file release net/sched: cls_bpf: reject dev-bound programs bound to a different device sctp: fix use-after-free of cached ASCONF chunk net: ethernet: ti: am65-cpsw-nuss: Fix port_id extraction from SRC TAG sctp: clear new_transport when removing a peer net/dibs: Correct freeing of dmb_clientid_arr net/sched: cls_u32: skip hash tables in u32_bind_class() gve: fix NULL dereference due to missing ptp adjfine gve: fix zero-length skb frag with header-split net/sched: act_api: fix TOCTOU NULL deref on a->goto_chain af_packet: Don't send zero-byte data in tpacket_snd(). tipc: read le->link under the node lock in tipc_node_link_down() selftests: tls: cover splice after a failed decrypt net/tls: Fail tls_sw_splice_read() after a failed async decrypt net: ngbe: fix NULL pointer dereference in non-MSI-X interrupt enabling net: tap: fix wrong transport_header when sending VLAN-tagged frame net: packet: fix wrong transport_header when sending VLAN-tagged frame vxlan: do not arm the ageing timer on a device that is down ipv4: fix use-after-free in fib_nhc_update_mtu() NTB: ntb_netdev: Preserve RX queue depth on allocation failure ...
2026-08-11net: expect instance lock in netdev_queue_get_dma_dev()Jakub Kicinski1-1/+1
netdev_queue_get_dma_dev() uses "compat" locking assert which wants either the rtnl_lock or netdev instance lock. This is not right, the callers are taking the instance lock unconditionally. All entry points for queue config are purely instance locked. In other words the callers use netdev_get_by_index_lock(), not netdev_get_by_index_lock_ops_compat(). All the state we will access is effectively instance lock protected (it's const for devices which are not ops-locked). Update the assert to avoid false positive warnings. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Fixes: b6c5f9454ef34 ("io_uring/zcrx: call netdev_queue_get_dma_dev() under instance lock") Reported-by: syzbot+a78926bdac2adb52dc0e@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Reviewed-by: Simon Horman <horms@kernel.org> Acked-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260806225627.3998672-1-kuba@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-08-08net: fix skb length accounting after generic XDP frag adjustmentSun Jian1-3/+7
Generic XDP exposes non-linear skb fragments through an xdp_buff. If an XDP program adjusts the fragment area, bpf_prog_run_generic_xdp() copies xdp_frags_size back to skb->data_len but leaves skb->len containing the old fragment contribution. After a fragment shrink, this makes skb_headlen() larger than the actual linear area. In the reproduced UDP receive path, __skb_datagram_iter() copied 1024 bytes past the actual linear tail to userspace, starting at struct skb_shared_info. The copied bytes included the affected skb's nr_frags, xdp_frags_size and a kernel pointer from skb_shinfo(skb)->frags[0]. Real packet data was displaced by the same amount and truncated at the end. Subtract the old data_len before replacing it and add the new data_len afterwards, keeping skb->len and skb->data_len synchronized. A 60000-byte UDP datagram on a veth pair with MTU 64000 was shortened by 1024 bytes from its fragment area. Before the fix, all 10 runs produced corrupted payloads. After the fix, all 10 runs matched the expected payload exactly. Fixes: e6d5dbdd20aa ("xdp: add multi-buff support for xdp running in generic mode") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/al9T9Eto%2FhRIzP5W@boxer/ Reviewed-by: Mohsin Bashir <hmohsin@meta.com> Acked-by: Lorenzo Bianconi <lorenzo@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Sun Jian <sun.jian.kdev@gmail.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260804054040.613675-2-sun.jian.kdev@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-08-07Merge tag 'bpf-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpfLinus Torvalds1-2/+2
Pull BPF fixes from Daniel Borkmann: - Fix BPF verifier to preserve full pointer state for commuted scalar += pointer arithmetic (Yiyang Chen, Eduard Zingerman) - Fix a use-after-free of request sockets in the BPF TCP iterator batching (Jose Fernandez) - Fix a use-after-free of sk_redir in the BPF sockmap send verdict path (Chengfeng Ye) - Fix a netns reference imbalance in the BPF conntrack kfuncs (Chengfeng Ye) - Fix bpf_get_fsverity_digest() dynptr assumptions and silent digest truncation (Eric Biggers) - Fix bpf_tcp_{gen,check}_syncookie to check sk_state before sk_protocol to make sure it is a full socket (Luxiao Xu) - Fix rqspinlock to reset the tail when preserving the queue on deadlock (Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi) * tag 'bpf-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf: rqspinlock: Reset tail when preserving queue on deadlock bpf: Check sk_state before sk_protocol in bpf_tcp_*_syncookie fsverity: Fix silent truncation in bpf_get_fsverity_digest() fsverity: Fix bpf_get_fsverity_digest() dynptr assumptions bpf: tcp: Fix use-after-free in bpf_iter_tcp_established_batch() bpf: Fix netns reference imbalance in conntrack kfuncs bpf, sockmap: Fix sk_redir use-after-free in send verdict selftests/bpf: Cover commuted pointer state propagation bpf: Propagate untrusted pointer state in commuted arithmetic bpf: Preserve pointer state for commuted arithmetic bpf: Simplify sanitize_err() signature
2026-08-06net: avoid theoretical races with ref drainJakub Kicinski3-0/+18
Technically, it's illegal to take a ref on a netdev just because we have a pointer on which we already hold a ref, with no other protection. This is because our simple per-cpu refcount implementation cannot atomically read the count. Let's make sure we cancel outstanding work and never queue more work for a device we know is dead. This way taking a ref on a dev we know is on the netdev_work_list is always going to be safe. Jiangshan Yi reports that the issues is caught by ref tracker infra leading to a warning: WARNING: lib/ref_tracker.c:322 at ref_tracker_free WARNING: lib/ref_tracker.c:246 at ref_tracker_dir_exit Reported-by: Jiangshan Yi <yijiangshan@kylinos.cn> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/20260731035135.3917308-2-yijiangshan@kylinos.cn Fixes: 12c765be84d2 ("net: turn the rx_mode work into a generic netdev_work facility") Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260806022821.2079945-1-kuba@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-08-06net: Defer netdev KOBJ_ADD uevent until the device is publishedDragos Tatulea3-0/+16
netdev_register_kobject() calls device_add(), which emits KOBJ_ADD and wakes udev, but register_netdevice() only makes the device findable by name later, in list_netdevice(). A udev worker that reacts to the uevent can therefore run against a device that no lookup can find yet. This used to be harmless because the ethtool ioctl took the rtnl_lock when looking the device up, and register_netdevice() runs under rtnl, so the worker simply blocked until registration finished. The commit in the fixes tag moved the lookup out from under rtnl for ops-locked drivers. Now there is a short window in register_netdevice() between netdev_register_kobject() until list_netdevice() when the device is not findable by name. This was reproduced with the mlx5 driver on a kernel with KASAN enabled during devlink reload: systemd-udevd's net_driver builtin gets -ENODEV from ETHTOOL_GDRVINFO, which was preventing interface renaming. Suppress the uevent in netdev_register_kobject() and emit it from register_netdevice() next to rtmsg_ifinfo(). This is the last point in register_netdevice() where no error can happen, so only fully registered devices are announced: the registration error paths never reach it, and the device_del() that unwinds them stays silent as well, leaving userspace with neither an add nor a remove. Fixes: f994752b1127 ("net: ethtool: optionally skip rtnl_lock on IOCTL path") Signed-off-by: Dragos Tatulea <dtatulea@nvidia.com> Reviewed-by: Shahar Shitrit <shshitrit@nvidia.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260806080758.2039586-2-dtatulea@nvidia.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-08-06xdp: reject clones that overrun skb_shared_info tailroomZhiling Zou1-1/+1
xdpf_clone() clones broadcast copies into a single page and sets frame_sz to PAGE_SIZE. __xdp_build_skb_from_frame() later treats that page like a normal XDP frame and expects the usual skb_shared_info tailroom at the end of the buffer. The current check only rejects frames whose linear xdp_frame header, headroom, and packet data exceed PAGE_SIZE. A source frame backed by a larger allocation can still satisfy that check while extending into the clone's required shared-info area. When such a clone is converted back into an skb, build_skb_around() places skb_shared_info over live packet bytes and later writes can corrupt XDP return metadata. Reject clones unless their linear area fits inside SKB_WITH_OVERHEAD(PAGE_SIZE), matching the tailroom requirement already enforced by the XDP-to-skb conversion path. Fixes: e624d4ed4aa8 ("xdp: Extend xdp_redirect_map with broadcast support") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Reported-by: Vega <vega@nebusec.ai> Signed-off-by: Zhiling Zou <zhilinz@nebusec.ai> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/6b2afef5d1738763c6965e8e466eb16e43e4f956.1785757386.git.zhilinz@nebusec.ai Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-08-06net: remove WARN_ON_ONCE() from sk_mc_loop()Eric Dumazet1-1/+0
sk_mc_loop() can be called for sockets that are neither AF_INET nor AF_INET6 (e.g. AF_PACKET sockets when sending packets via raw/packet socket over virtual devices such as VRF or ipvlan). In such cases, sk_family is not AF_INET/AF_INET6 and sk_mc_loop() falls through the switch statement and triggers WARN_ON_ONCE(1). Non-INET sockets do not support IP_MULTICAST_LOOP or IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP options, so loopback should default to true without generating a warning. Fixes: f60e5990d9c1 ("ipv6: protect skb->sk accesses from recursive dereference inside the stack") Reported-by: syzbot+22c3218a6fa219e47321@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/6a72024c.13623e66.bdc14.0019.GAE@google.com/T/#u Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260804152048.2134341-1-edumazet@google.com Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com>
2026-08-05bpf: Check sk_state before sk_protocol in bpf_tcp_*_syncookieLuxiao Xu1-2/+2
bpf_tcp_gen_syncookie and bpf_tcp_check_syncookie accept a socket pointer 'sk' with argument type ARG_PTR_TO_BTF_ID_SOCK_COMMON. However, they access sk->sk_protocol without validating whether 'sk' represents a full socket. Fix this issue by checking sk->sk_state != TCP_LISTEN before inspecting sk->sk_protocol in both bpf_tcp_gen_syncookie and bpf_tcp_check_syncookie. Since mini-sockets are never in the TCP_LISTEN state, the condition short-circuits and prevents dereferencing fullsock-specific fields. Fixes: 399040847084 ("bpf: add helper to check for a valid SYN cookie") Fixes: 70d66244317e ("bpf: add bpf_tcp_gen_syncookie helper") Reported-by: Vega <vega@nebusec.ai> Signed-off-by: Luxiao Xu <rakukuip@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Ren Wei <enjou1224z@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net> Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Reviewed-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/6218aa3534d0d2d3f448fde70a8dc2769d7a8201.1785823138.git.rakukuip@gmail.com
2026-07-31net: devmem: prevent net-iov / page mixingPavel Begunkov1-0/+3
We should either have net_iov or page backed frags in a single skb, otherwise it blows up down the stack. Don't allow mixing in zerocopy_fill_skb_from_devmem(). Fixes: bd61848900bff ("net: devmem: Implement TX path") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Pavel Begunkov <asml.silence@gmail.com> Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me> Reviewed-by: Mina Almasry <almasrymina@google.com> Reviewed-by: Bobby Eshleman <bobbyeshleman@meta.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/e3199788c4732545627a4721097ebb71ad737bab.1785150502.git.asml.silence@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-07-28bpf: lwt: Fix dst reference leak on reroute failureXuanqiang Luo1-1/+3
bpf_lwt_xmit_reroute() obtains a referenced dst from the route lookup. When skb_cow_head() fails before that dst is installed on the skb, the error path only frees the skb. The skb still owns its previous dst, so the newly looked up dst reference is leaked. Release the new dst reference before freeing the skb on this error path. Fixes: 3bd0b15281af ("bpf: add handling of BPF_LWT_REROUTE to lwt_bpf.c") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Xuanqiang Luo <luoxuanqiang@kylinos.cn> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260723060445.21926-1-xuanqiang.luo@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com>
2026-07-25veth: convert frag_list skbs before running XDPMatt Fleming1-6/+12
A frag_list skb can reach veth with data_len set but nr_frags zero. veth_convert_skb_to_xdp_buff() only converts skbs that are shared, locked, have frags[], or do not have enough headroom. It later uses skb_is_nonlinear() to decide whether to set XDP_FLAGS_HAS_FRAGS and xdp_frags_size. That exposes frag_list data to XDP as if it were stored in frags[], but frags[] is empty. AF_XDP copy mode can then trust the bogus XDP fragment metadata, walk an empty fragment entry, and crash in memcpy() from __xsk_rcv(). Route non-linear skbs through skb_pp_cow_data() before exposing them to XDP, and only advertise XDP frags when the resulting skb has frags[]. skb_copy_bits() already handles frag_list input, and skb_pp_cow_data() builds frags[] output with skb_add_rx_frag(), which is the representation XDP multi-buffer expects. Fixes: 718a18a0c8a6 ("veth: Rework veth_xdp_rcv_skb in order to accept non-linear skb") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Matt Fleming <mfleming@cloudflare.com> Reviewed-by: Toke Høiland-Jørgensen <toke@toke.dk> Acked-by: Lorenzo Bianconi <lorenzo@kernel.org> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260722191925.2192070-1-matt@readmodwrite.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-07-25net: pktgen: fix proc entry use-after-freeChengfeng Ye1-3/+1
pktgen_change_name() replaces pkt_dev->entry while holding t->if_lock. pktgen_remove_device() removes the same entry before _rem_dev_from_if_list() takes that lock. This allows the following interleaving: CPU 0 (NETDEV_CHANGENAME) CPU 1 (kpktgend) if_lock(t) proc_remove(pkt_dev->entry) proc_remove(pkt_dev->entry) pkt_dev->entry = proc_create_data(...) if_unlock(t) The kthread can pass the stale proc_dir_entry to proc_remove() after the rename path has freed it. A reproducer with a widened race window reports: BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in proc_remove+0x78/0x80 Read of size 8 at addr ffff8881478fea70 by task kpktgend_0/67 Call Trace: proc_remove+0x78/0x80 pktgen_remove_device.isra.0+0x11c/0x4c0 pktgen_thread_worker+0x1214/0x6bc0 kthread+0x2c6/0x3b0 Allocated by task 95: __proc_create+0x204/0x790 proc_create_data+0x72/0xe0 pktgen_thread_write+0xd61/0x1510 Freed by task 28: kmem_cache_free+0xcb/0x3d0 proc_free_inode+0x5b/0x80 rcu_core+0x50a/0x1850 The buggy address belongs to the object at ffff8881478fea00 which belongs to the cache proc_dir_entry of size 192 Move proc_remove() into the if_lock-protected list removal helper. Keep it before list_del_rcu() to preserve the ordering required by add_device(). The rename path must then finish replacing the entry before removal, or it observes that the device is no longer on the list. Fixes: 39df232f1a9b ("[PKTGEN]: fix device name handling") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Chengfeng Ye <nicoyip.dev@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Simon Horman <horms@kernel.org> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260719145740.2888967-1-nicoyip.dev@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-07-23Merge tag 'net-7.2-rc5' of ↵Linus Torvalds4-23/+26
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net Pull networking fixes from Jakub Kicinski: "Lots of fixes, double the count even for the 'new normal'. Largely due to my time off followed by a networking conference which distracted most maintainers (less so the AI generators). Including fixes from Bluetooth and WiFi. Current release - regressions: - wifi: mt76: fix MAC address for non OF pcie cards Current release - new code bugs: - mptcp: fix BUILD_BUG_ON on legacy ARM config - wifi: cfg80211: guard optional PMSR nominal time Previous releases - regressions: - qrtr: ns: raise node count limit to 512, we arbitrarily picked 256 as a limit, turns out it was too low for real world deployments - vhost-net: fix TX stall when vhost owns virtio-net header - eth: amd-xgbe: fix MAC_AUTO_SW handling in CL37 AN - wifi: ath12k: fix low MLO RX throughput on WCN7850 Previous releases - always broken: - number of random AI fixes for SCTP, RDS and TIPC protocols - more AI-looking fixes for WiFi drivers - number of fixes for missing pointer reloading after skb pull - reject BPF redirect use from qdisc qevent block - tcp: initialize standalone TCP-AO response padding - vsock/virtio: collapse receive queue under memory pressure to avoid client OOMing the host with tiny messages - ipv4: icmp: fill flow parameters in icmp_route_lookup decoy lookup, make sure the ICMP response routing follows the routing policy - gro: fix double aggregation of flush-marked skbs - ovpn: fix various refcount bugs - tls: device: push pending open record on splice EOF - eth: mlx5: - use sender devcom for MPV master-up - fix MCIA register buffer overflow on 32 dword reads" * tag 'net-7.2-rc5' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net: (234 commits) drop_monitor: perform u64_stats updates under IRQ-disabled section drop_monitor: fix size calculations for 64-bit attributes net: drop_monitor: fix info leak in NET_DM_ATTR_PAYLOAD mptcp: fix BUILD_BUG_ON on legacy ARM config selftests: mptcp: userspace_pm: fix undefined variable port mptcp: fix stale skb->sk reference on subflow close mptcp: pm: userspace: fix use-after-free in get_local_id mptcp: decrement subflows counter on failed passive join mac802154: hold an interface reference across the scan worker sctp: don't free the ASCONF's own transport in DEL-IP processing phonet: check register_netdevice_notifier() error in phonet_device_init() phonet: pep: fix use-after-free in pep_get_sb() bnge/bng_re: fix ring ID widths tipc: fix integer overflow in tipc_recvmsg() and tipc_recvstream() net: airoha: fix ETS channel derivation in airoha_tc_setup_qdisc_ets() mctp: check register_netdevice_notifier() error in mctp_device_init() ptp: netc: explicitly clear TMR_OFF during initialization rds: tcp: unregister sysctl before tearing down listen socket ipv6: Change allocation flags to match rcu_read_lock section requirements net: slip: serialize receive against buffer reallocation ...
2026-07-23drop_monitor: perform u64_stats updates under IRQ-disabled sectionEric Dumazet1-2/+2
In net_dm_packet_trace_kfree_skb_hit() and net_dm_hw_trap_packet_probe(), u64_stats_update_begin() / u64_stats_inc() / u64_stats_update_end() were called after spin_unlock_irqrestore(&...drop_queue.lock, flags), when local IRQs had already been re-enabled. Tracepoint probes can execute in IRQ or softirq context. On 32-bit architectures, u64_stats_update_begin() disables preemption but not interrupts, relying on seqcount writes. If a nested interrupt occurs on the same CPU during the 64-bit stats update, the reentrant seqcount update can corrupt the seqcount state or stats value. Fix this by performing the 64-bit per-CPU stats update before releasing drop_queue.lock via spin_unlock_irqrestore(), ensuring local interrupts remain disabled during the u64_stats update. Fixes: e9feb58020f9 ("drop_monitor: Expose tail drop counter") Fixes: 5e58109b1ea4 ("drop_monitor: Add support for packet alert mode for hardware drops") Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260722141743.3266924-3-edumazet@google.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-07-23drop_monitor: fix size calculations for 64-bit attributesEric Dumazet1-3/+3
net_dm_packet_report_fill() and net_dm_hw_packet_report_fill() use nla_put_u64_64bit() to append 64-bit attributes (NET_DM_ATTR_PC and NET_DM_ATTR_TIMESTAMP). On 32-bit architectures without CONFIG_HAVE_EFFICIENT_UNALIGNED_ACCESS, nla_put_u64_64bit() may append a 4-byte NET_DM_ATTR_PAD attribute for 64-bit alignment. However, net_dm_packet_report_size() and net_dm_hw_packet_report_size() used nla_total_size(sizeof(u64)) instead of nla_total_size_64bit(sizeof(u64)), budgeting 12 bytes instead of up to 16 bytes. This under-estimation of SKB size can lead to an skb_over_panic() when __nla_reserve() or skb_put() is subsequently called. Fix this by using nla_total_size_64bit(sizeof(u64)) in both size calculations. Fixes: ca30707dee2b ("drop_monitor: Add packet alert mode") Fixes: 5e58109b1ea4 ("drop_monitor: Add support for packet alert mode for hardware drops") Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260722141743.3266924-2-edumazet@google.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-07-23net: drop_monitor: fix info leak in NET_DM_ATTR_PAYLOADYehyeong Lee1-6/+2
net_dm_packet_report_fill() and net_dm_hw_packet_report_fill() open code the NET_DM_ATTR_PAYLOAD attribute to avoid zeroing the packet payload before overwriting it with skb_copy_bits(). skb_put() reserves nla_total_size(payload_len), i.e. the header plus the NLA_ALIGN() padding, but only payload_len bytes are copied in. When payload_len is not a multiple of 4 the 1-3 padding bytes are never initialized and are leaked to user space inside the netlink message. KMSAN confirms the leak for the software path when the packet payload length is not 4-byte aligned: BUG: KMSAN: kernel-infoleak in _copy_to_iter _copy_to_iter __skb_datagram_iter skb_copy_datagram_iter netlink_recvmsg sock_recvmsg __sys_recvfrom Uninit was created at: kmem_cache_alloc_node_noprof __alloc_skb net_dm_packet_work Bytes 173-175 of 176 are uninitialized Use __nla_reserve(), which sets up the attribute header and zeroes the padding, instead of open coding the attribute construction. Fixes: ca30707dee2b ("drop_monitor: Add packet alert mode") Fixes: 5e58109b1ea4 ("drop_monitor: Add support for packet alert mode for hardware drops") Suggested-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Signed-off-by: Yehyeong Lee <yhlee@isslab.korea.ac.kr> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260722122817.5548-1-yhlee@isslab.korea.ac.kr Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-07-21net: Call net_enable_timestamp() before failure in sk_clone().Kuniyuki Iwashima1-3/+3
When sk_clone() fails, sk_destruct() is called for the new socket. If the parent socket has SK_FLAGS_TIMESTAMP in sk->sk_flags, net_disable_timestamp() is called for the child socket even though net_enable_timestamp() is not called for it. Let's call net_enable_timestamp() before any failure path in sk_clone(). Fixes: 704da560c0a0 ("tcp: update the netstamp_needed counter when cloning sockets") Reported-by: Sashiko <sashiko-bot@kernel.org> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260709032007.9E4D61F000E9@smtp.kernel.org/ Signed-off-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Reviewed-by: Willem de Bruijn <willemb@google.com> Reviewed-by: Jason Xing <kerneljasonxing@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Simon Horman <horms@kernel.org> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260709183315.965751-3-kuniyu@google.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-07-21soreuseport: Clear sk_reuseport_cb before failure in sk_clone().Kuniyuki Iwashima1-2/+2
When sk_clone() fails, sk_destruct() is called for the new socket. If the parent socket has sk->sk_reuseport_cb, the child will call reuseport_detach_sock() for the reuseport group. Let's clear sk->sk_reuseport_cb before any failure path in sk_clone(). Note that this was not a problem before the cited commit because reuseport_detach_sock() did nothing if the socket was not found in the reuseport array. Fixes: 5dc4c4b7d4e8 ("bpf: Introduce BPF_MAP_TYPE_REUSEPORT_SOCKARRAY") Reported-by: Sashiko <sashiko-bot@kernel.org> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260709032007.9E4D61F000E9@smtp.kernel.org/ Signed-off-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Reviewed-by: Willem de Bruijn <willemb@google.com> Reviewed-by: Jason Xing <kerneljasonxing@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Simon Horman <horms@kernel.org> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260709183315.965751-2-kuniyu@google.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-07-21net: gro: fix double aggregation of flush-marked skbsShiming Cheng1-1/+3
Commit 0ab03f353d36 ("net-gro: Fix GRO flush when receiving a GSO packet.") added a flush check to skb_gro_receive(), but skb_gro_receive_list() lacks the same validation. As a result, packets marked with NAPI_GRO_CB(skb)->flush may still be re-aggregated. This allows already-GRO'd packets with existing frag_list to be re-aggregated into a new GRO session, corrupting the frag_list chain structure. When skb_segment() attempts to unpack these malformed packets, it encounters invalid state and triggers a kernel panic. Scenario (Tethering/Device forwarding): 1. Driver: Generated aggregated packet P1 via LRO with frag_list 2. Dev A: Receives aggregated fraglist packet and flush flag set 3. Dev A: Re-enters GRO, skb_gro_receive_list() is called 4. Missing flush check allows re-aggregation despite flush flag 5. Frag_list chain becomes corrupted (loops or dangling refs) 6. Dev B: TX path calls skb_segment(), crashes on corrupted frag_list Root cause in skb_segment(): The check at line ~4891: if (hsize <= 0 && i >= nfrags && skb_headlen(list_skb) && (skb_headlen(list_skb) == len || sg)) { When frag_list is corrupted by double aggregation, when list_skb is a NULL pointer from skb->next, skb_headlen(list_skb) dereference NULL/corrupted pointers occurs. Call Trace: skb_headlen(NULL skb) skb_segment tcp_gso_segment tcp4_gso_segment inet_gso_segment skb_mac_gso_segment __skb_gso_segment skb_gso_segment validate_xmit_skb validate_xmit_skb_list sch_direct_xmit qdisc_restart __qdisc_run qdisc_run net_tx_action Fix: Add NAPI_GRO_CB(skb)->flush validation to the early-return check in skb_gro_receive_list(), matching the defensive programming pattern of skb_gro_receive(). Fixes: 3a1296a38d0c ("net: Support GRO/GSO fraglist chaining.") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Shiming Cheng <shiming.cheng@mediatek.com> Reviewed-by: Willem de Bruijn <willemb@google.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260709014704.3625-1-shiming.cheng@mediatek.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-07-21bpf: Reject redirect helpers without a bpf_net_contextDaniel Borkmann1-6/+11
The bpf_redirect*() helpers and skb_do_redirect() obtain the per-task bpf_redirect_info via bpf_net_ctx_get_ri(), which dereferences the current->bpf_net_context unconditionally. That context is established on the paths that run tc BPF such as sch_handle_{ingress,egress}(), *except* for the case where {cls,act}_bpf was attached to a proper qdisc. A program running from there reaches the NULL deref in two ways: * It calls bpf_redirect() directly, which dereferences the context at the top of the helper: tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1: red limit 1MB min 10KB max 20KB \ avpkt 1000 burst 100 qevent early_drop block 10 tc filter add block 10 pref 1 bpf obj redirect.o * It simply returns TC_ACT_REDIRECT without helper call: tcf_qevent_handle() then dispatches to skb_do_redirect(), which dereferences the context Rather than extending bpf_net_context management into the qdisc path, make the redirect helpers refuse to operate when no context exists, and have tcf_qevent_handle() drop a TC_ACT_REDIRECT verdict instead of calling skb_do_redirect(). Previous behaviour was a crash, so nothing regresses by not supporting it. Fixes: 401cb7dae813 ("net: Reference bpf_redirect_info via task_struct on PREEMPT_RT.") Fixes: 3625750f05ec ("net: sched: Introduce helpers for qevent blocks") Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net> Reviewed-by: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260706185609.330006-2-daniel@iogearbox.net Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-07-17Merge tag 'bpf-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpfLinus Torvalds3-2/+5
Pull bpf fixes from Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi: - Fix a UAF in socket clone early bailout paths (Matt Bobrowski) - Reject unhashed UDP sockets on sockmap update to prevent refcount leaks (Michal Luczaj) - Account for receive queue data in FIONREAD on sockmap sockets without a verdict program (Mattia Meleleo) - Reject negative constant offsets for verifier buffer pointers (Sun Jian) - Fix for tracing of kfuncs with implicit arguments (Ihor Solodrai) * tag 'bpf-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf: selftests/bpf: Cover tracing implicit kfunc args bpf: Fix tracing of kfuncs with implicit args selftests/bpf: Cover negative buffer pointer offsets bpf: Reject negative const offsets for buffer pointers selftests/bpf: Test FIONREAD on a sockmap socket without a verdict program bpf, sockmap: Account for receive queue in FIONREAD without a verdict program selftests/bpf: Fail unbound UDP on sockmap update selftests/bpf: Adapt sockmap update error handling bpf, sockmap: Reject unhashed UDP sockets on sockmap update selftests/bpf: Ensure UDP sockets are bound bpf: Fix UAF in sock clone early bailouts
2026-07-15bpf, sockmap: Reject unhashed UDP sockets on sockmap updateMichal Luczaj1-0/+2
UDP sockets get SOCK_RCU_FREE set when (auto-)bound. This means sk_is_refcounted(unbound) = true, while sk_is_refcounted(bound) = false. Because sockmap accepts unbound UDP sockets, a BPF program can increment a socket's refcount via lookup. If the socket is subsequently bound, the transition from unbound to bound causes bpf_sk_release() to skip the decrement of the refcount, causing a memory leak. unreferenced object 0xffff88810bc2eb40 (size 1984): comm "test_progs", pid 2451, jiffies 4295320596 hex dump (first 32 bytes): 7f 00 00 01 7f 00 00 01 d2 04 1b b7 04 d2 00 00 ................ 02 00 01 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ...@............ backtrace (crc bdee079d): kmem_cache_alloc_noprof+0x557/0x660 sk_prot_alloc+0x69/0x240 sk_alloc+0x30/0x460 inet_create+0x2ce/0xf80 __sock_create+0x25b/0x5c0 __sys_socket+0x119/0x1d0 __x64_sys_socket+0x72/0xd0 do_syscall_64+0xa1/0x5f0 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e Instead of special-casing for refcounted sockets, reject unhashed UDP sockets during sockmap updates, as there is no benefit to supporting those. This effectively reverts the commit under Fixes, with two exceptions: 1. sock_map_sk_state_allowed() maintains a fall-through `return true`. 2. In the spirit of commit b8b8315e39ff ("bpf, sockmap: Remove unhash handler for BPF sockmap usage"), the proto::unhash BPF handler is not reintroduced. Historical note: this issue is related to commit 67312adc96b5 ("bpf: reject unhashed sockets in bpf_sk_assign"). Fixes: 0c48eefae712 ("sock_map: Lift socket state restriction for datagram sockets") Suggested-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Luczaj <mhal@rbox.co> Reviewed-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Reviewed-by: Jakub Sitnicki <jakub@cloudflare.com> Reviewed-by: John Fastabend <john.fastabend@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260707-sockmap-lookup-udp-leak-v4-2-f878346f27ab@rbox.co Signed-off-by: Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@gmail.com>
2026-07-11Merge tag 'ipsec-2026-07-10' of ↵Paolo Abeni1-2/+8
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/klassert/ipsec Steffen Klassert says: ==================== pull request (net): ipsec 2026-07-10 1) xfrm: propagate -EINPROGRESS from validate_xmit_xfrm() Return -EINPROGRESS from xfrm_output_one when validate_xmit_xfrm requeues the packet asynchronously, so the caller doesn't treat it as a real error and free the skb. 2) xfrm: fix stale skb->prev after async crypto steals a GSO segment Re-derive skb->prev from the fragment list after async crypto splits a GSO skb, keeping the linked-list pointers validi. 3) xfrm: nat_keepalive: avoid double free on send error Hold a state ref while the nat_keepalive timer is active and drop the timer before freeing the state, preventing a re-entered free on send error. 4) xfrm: fix sk_dst_cache double-free in xfrm_user_policy() Null the skb dst cache before freeing the policy so a later skb destructor doesn't double-free it. 5) xfrm: cache the offload ifindex for netlink dumps Cache the device ifindex at state-add time and use it for netlink dumps instead of dereferencing dst->dev, which may have changed by the time the dump runs. 6) xfrm: reject optional IPTFS templates in outbound policies Reject outbound policies with an optional IPTFS template, IPTFS must always be used if configured. 7) xfrm: clear mode callbacks after failed mode setup Clear the mode->init_flags and init_state callbacks on the error path after xfrm_init_mode fails, so a partially-initialised mode isn't reused in xfrm_state_construct. 8) xfrm: iptfs: propagate SKBFL_SHARED_FRAG in iptfs_skb_add_frags() Propagate SKBFL_SHARED_FRAG from the original skb to fragments allocated by iptfs_skb_add_frags, keeping shared-fragment accounting correct after IPTFS reassembly. 9) xfrm6: clear dst.dev on error to avoid double netdev_put in xfrm6_fill_dst() Clear dst->dev on the error path of xfrm6_fill_dst() so the caller doesn't release the netdev reference twice via dst_release. 10) xfrm: policy: preallocate inexact bins before xfrm_hash_rebuild reinsert Preallocate all inexact hash bins before existing entries are reinserted during xfrm_hash_rebuild, so reinsertion always hits an existing bin. Please pull or let me know if there are problems. ipsec-2026-07-10 * tag 'ipsec-2026-07-10' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/klassert/ipsec: xfrm: policy: preallocate inexact bins before xfrm_hash_rebuild reinsert xfrm6: clear dst.dev on error to avoid double netdev_put in xfrm6_fill_dst() xfrm: iptfs: propagate SKBFL_SHARED_FRAG in iptfs_skb_add_frags() xfrm: clear mode callbacks after failed mode setup xfrm: reject optional IPTFS templates in outbound policies xfrm: cache the offload ifindex for netlink dumps xfrm: fix sk_dst_cache double-free in xfrm_user_policy() xfrm: nat_keepalive: avoid double free on send error xfrm: fix stale skb->prev after async crypto steals a GSO segment xfrm: propagate -EINPROGRESS from validate_xmit_xfrm() ==================== Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260710090349.343389-1-steffen.klassert@secunet.com Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com>
2026-07-09bpf: Fix UAF in sock clone early bailoutsMatt Bobrowski2-2/+3
Similar to recent commit 9b51a6155d14 ("bpf,fork: wipe ->bpf_storage before bailouts that access it"), sk_clone() performs an initial shallow copy of the socket field ->sk_bpf_storage via sock_copy() for the cloned socket newsk. If sk_clone() bails out early (e.g. if sk_filter_charge() fails) prior to calling bpf_sk_storage_clone(), newsk->sk_bpf_storage still points to the parent socket's BPF local storage. When newsk is subsequently freed via sk_free(), the deallocation path (__sk_destruct() -> bpf_sk_storage_free()) destroys the parent socket's BPF local storage, leading to a use-after-free (UAF) on the parent socket. Fix this by resetting newsk->sk_bpf_storage to NULL immediately after sock_copy() in sk_clone(), and remove the now redundant initialization from bpf_sk_storage_clone(). Fixes: 6ac99e8f23d4 ("bpf: Introduce bpf sk local storage") Fixes: f12dd75959b0 ("bpf: net: Set sk_bpf_storage back to NULL for cloned sk") Signed-off-by: Matt Bobrowski <mattbobrowski@google.com> Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net> Reviewed-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Acked-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@iogearbox.net> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/20260709025316.999913-1-mattbobrowski@google.com
2026-07-03Merge tag 'bpf-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpfLinus Torvalds1-0/+20
Pull BPF fixes from Daniel Borkmann: - Initialize task local storage before fork bails out to free the task (Jann Horn) - Fix insn_aux_data leak on verifier error path (KaFai Wan) - Reject BPF inode storage map creation when BPF LSM is uninitialized (Matt Bobrowski) - Mask pseudo pointer values in verifier logs when pointer leaks are not allowed (Nuoqi Gui) - Harden BPF JIT against spraying via IBPB flush (Pawan Gupta) - Reject a skb-modifying SK_SKB stream parser since the latter is only meant to measure the next message (Sechang Lim) - Fix bpf_refcount_acquire to reject refcounted allocation arguments with a non-zero fixed offset (Yiyang Chen) * tag 'bpf-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf: bpf: Prefer dirty packs for eBPF allocations bpf: Prefer packs that won't trigger an IBPB flush on allocation bpf: Skip redundant IBPB in pack allocator bpf: Restrict JIT predictor flush to cBPF x86/bugs: Enable IBPB flush on BPF JIT allocation bpf: Support for hardening against JIT spraying bpf: Reject BPF_MAP_TYPE_INODE_STORAGE creation if BPF LSM is uninitialized bpf,fork: wipe ->bpf_storage before bailouts that access it bpf: Fix insn_aux_data leak on verifier err_free_env path selftests/bpf: Cover pseudo-BTF ksym log masking bpf: Mask pseudo pointer values in verifier logs selftests/bpf: Cover refcount acquire node offsets bpf: Reject offset refcount acquire arguments selftests/bpf: test rejection of a packet-modifying SK_SKB stream parser bpf, sockmap: reject a packet-modifying SK_SKB stream parser selftests/bpf: don't modify the skb in the strparser parser prog
2026-07-02Merge tag 'net-7.2-rc2' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-8/+1
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net Pull networking fixes from Paolo Abeni: "Including fixes from netfilter and batman-adv. Current release - new code bugs: - netfilter: cthelper: cap to maximum number of expectation per master Previous releases - regressions: - netpoll: fix a use-after-free on shutdown path - tcp: restore RCU grace period in tcp_ao_destroy_sock - ipv6: fix NULL deref in fib6_walk_continiue() on multi-batch dump - batman-adv: dat: ensure accessible eth_hdr proto field - eth: - virtio_net: disable cb when NAPI is busy-polled - lan743x: Initialize eth_syslock spinlock before use Previous releases - always broken: - netfilter: - nft_set_pipapo: don't leak bad clone into future transaction - sched: - sch_teql: Introduce slaves_lock to avoid race condition and UAF - replace direct dequeue call with peek and qdisc_dequeue_peeked - sctp: add INIT verification after cookie unpacking - tipc: fix out-of-bounds read in broadcast Gap ACK blocks - seg6: validate SRH length before reading fixed fields - eth: - mlx5e: fix use-after-free of metadata_dst on RX SC delete - enetc: check the number of BDs needed for xdp_frame - fbnic: don't cache shinfo across skb realloc" * tag 'net-7.2-rc2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net: (58 commits) net/mlx5: HWS, fix matcher leak on resize target setup failure net/sched: hhf: clear heavy-hitter state on reset net/sched: dualpi2: clear stale classification on filter miss net/sched: act_bpf: use rcu_dereference_bh() to read the filter selftests: drv-net: tso: don't touch dangerous feature bits cxgb4: Fix decode strings dump for T6 adapters virtio_net: disable cb when NAPI is busy-polled sctp: fix addr_wq_timer race in sctp_free_addr_wq() selftests: net: bump default cmd() timeout to 20 seconds bridge: stp: Fix a potential use-after-free when deleting a bridge net/sched: sch_teql: Introduce slaves_lock to avoid race condition and UAF net: gianfar: dispose irq mappings on probe failure and device removal net: lan743x: Initialize eth_syslock spinlock before use net: libwx: fix VMDQ mask for 1-queue mode net: airoha: fix max receive size configuration fsl/fman: Free init resources on KeyGen failure in fman_init() netfilter: nftables: restrict checkum update offset netfilter: nftables: restrict linklayer and network header writes netfilter: nfnetlink_queue: restrict writes to network header netfilter: nft_fib: reject fib expression on the netdev egress hook ...
2026-06-28netpoll: fix a use-after-free on shutdown pathBreno Leitao1-8/+1
There is a use-after-free error on netpoll, which is clearly detected by KASAN. BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in _raw_spin_lock_irqsave+0x3b/0x80 Read of size 1 at addr ... by task kworker/9:1 Workqueue: events queue_process Call Trace: skb_dequeue+0x1e/0xb0 queue_process+0x2c/0x600 process_scheduled_works+0x4b6/0x850 worker_thread+0x414/0x5a0 Allocated by task 242: __netpoll_setup+0x201/0x4a0 netpoll_setup+0x249/0x550 enabled_store+0x32f/0x380 Freed by task 0: kfree+0x1b7/0x540 rcu_core+0x3f8/0x7a0 The problem happens when there is a pending TX worker running in parallel with the cleanup path. This is what happens on netpoll shutdown path: 1) __netpoll_cleanup() is called 2) set dev->npinfo to NULL 3) call_rcu() with rcu_cleanup_netpoll_info() 3.1) rcu_cleanup_netpoll_info() tries to cancel all workers with cancel_delayed_work(), but doesn't wait for the worker to finish 4) and kfree(npinfo); Because 3.1) doesn't really cancel the work, as the comment says "we can't call cancel_delayed_work_sync here, as we are in softirq", the TX worker can run after 4). Tl;DR: queue_process() is not an RCU reader, it reaches npinfo through the work item via container_of(). Use disable_delayed_work_sync() to ensure the worker is completely stopped and prevent any future re-arming attempts. Once npinfo is set to NULL, senders will bail out and not queue new work. The disable flag ensures any in-flight re-arming attempts also fail silently. In the future, we can do the cleanup inline here without needing the npinfo->rcu rcu_head, but that is net-next material. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Fixes: 38e6bc185d95 ("netpoll: make __netpoll_cleanup non-block") Reviewed-by: Pavan Chebbi <pavan.chebbi@broadcom.com> Signed-off-by: Breno Leitao <leitao@debian.org> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260625-netpoll_rcu_fix-v2-1-0748ffac1e98@debian.org Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-26xfrm: propagate -EINPROGRESS from validate_xmit_xfrm()Petr Wozniak1-2/+8
validate_xmit_xfrm() returns NULL both when a packet is dropped and when it is stolen by async crypto (-EINPROGRESS from ->xmit()). Callers cannot distinguish the two cases. f53c723902d1 ("net: Add asynchronous callbacks for xfrm on layer 2.") changed the semantics of a NULL return from "dropped" to "stolen or dropped", but __dev_queue_xmit() was not updated. On virtual/bridge interfaces (noqueue qdisc) __dev_queue_xmit() initialises rc=-ENOMEM and jumps to out: when skb is NULL, returning -ENOMEM to the caller even though the packet will be delivered correctly via xfrm_dev_resume(). Return ERR_PTR(-EINPROGRESS) from validate_xmit_xfrm() for the async case so callers can tell it apart from a real drop. Update __dev_queue_xmit() to handle ERR_PTR(-EINPROGRESS) from validate_xmit_skb() correctly. Update validate_xmit_skb_list() to use IS_ERR_OR_NULL() so that ERR_PTR(-EINPROGRESS) is not mistakenly added to the transmitted list. Fixes: f53c723902d1 ("net: Add asynchronous callbacks for xfrm on layer 2.") Suggested-by: Sabrina Dubroca <sd@queasysnail.net> Signed-off-by: Petr Wozniak <petr.wozniak@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Steffen Klassert <steffen.klassert@secunet.com>
2026-06-26bpf, sockmap: reject a packet-modifying SK_SKB stream parserSechang Lim1-0/+20
sk_psock_strp_parse() runs the BPF_PROG_TYPE_SK_SKB stream-parser program to find the length of the next message. strparser assembles a message out of several received skbs by chaining them onto the head's frag_list and recording where to append the next one in strp->skb_nextp: *strp->skb_nextp = skb; strp->skb_nextp = &skb->next; and then calls the parser on the head: len = (*strp->cb.parse_msg)(strp, head); The parser is only meant to inspect the skb, but the program may call bpf_skb_change_tail() -- or the sibling bpf_skb_pull_data(), bpf_skb_change_head(), bpf_skb_adjust_room(), all allowed for SK_SKB. Once the head carries a frag_list these go ... -> skb_ensure_writable -> pskb_may_pull -> __pskb_pull_tail and __pskb_pull_tail() frees the frag_list skbs that strparser still tracks through skb_nextp: while ((list = skb_shinfo(skb)->frag_list) != insp) { skb_shinfo(skb)->frag_list = list->next; consume_skb(list); } strp->skb_nextp now points into a freed sk_buff. The next segment of the same message arrives in __strp_recv(), which links it with *strp->skb_nextp = skb, an 8-byte write into the freed skb. The free and the write happen in different __strp_recv() calls, so the message has to span at least three segments before it triggers. BUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in __strp_recv+0x447/0xda0 Write of size 8 at addr ffff88810db86140 by task repro/349 Call Trace: <IRQ> __strp_recv+0x447/0xda0 __tcp_read_sock+0x13d/0x590 tcp_bpf_strp_read_sock+0x195/0x320 strp_data_ready+0x267/0x340 sk_psock_strp_data_ready+0x1ce/0x350 tcp_data_queue+0x1364/0x2fd0 tcp_rcv_established+0xe07/0x1640 [...] Allocated by task 349: skb_clone+0x17b/0x210 __strp_recv+0x2c3/0xda0 __tcp_read_sock+0x13d/0x590 [...] Freed by task 349: kmem_cache_free+0x150/0x570 __pskb_pull_tail+0x57b/0xc20 skb_ensure_writable+0x236/0x260 __bpf_skb_change_tail+0x1d4/0x590 sk_skb_change_tail+0x2a/0x40 bpf_prog_1b285dcd6c41373e+0x27/0x30 bpf_prog_run_pin_on_cpu+0xf3/0x260 sk_psock_strp_parse+0x118/0x1e0 __strp_recv+0x4f6/0xda0 [...] The same resize also leaves the head's length inconsistent with its frags, so a later __pskb_pull_tail() can instead hit the BUG_ON(skb_copy_bits(...)) in net/core/skbuff.c. A stream parser is only meant to measure the next message, not to modify the packet. Reject a parser whose program can change packet data (prog->aux->changes_pkt_data) at attach time. The check is shared by sock_map_prog_update() and sock_map_link_update_prog(), which between them cover prog attach, link create and link update. Verdict programs are unaffected and may still modify the skb. Reviewed-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev> Signed-off-by: Sechang Lim <rhkrqnwk98@gmail.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260620024423.4141004-3-rhkrqnwk98@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-06-26Merge tag 'bpf-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpfLinus Torvalds1-2/+2
Pull bpf fixes from Alexei Starovoitov: - Fix effective prog array index with BPF_F_PREORDER (Amery Hung) - Zero-initialize the fib lookup flow struct (Avinash Duduskar) - Disable xfrm_decode_session hook attachment (Bradley Morgan) - Allow type tag BTF records to succeed other modifier records (Emil Tsalapatis) - Fix build_id caching in stack_map_get_build_id_offset() (Ihor Solodrai) - Add missing access_ok call to copy_user_syms (Jiri Olsa) - Fix stack slot index in nospec checks (Nuoqi Gui) - Preserve pointer spill metadata during half-slot cleanup (Nuoqi Gui) - Fix partial copy of non-linear test_run output (Sun Jian) - Fix BPF_PROG_ASSOC_STRUCT_OPS last field check (Thiébaud Weksteen) - Reset register bounds before narrowing retval range (Tristan Madani) - Fix vmlinux BTF leak in bpftool cgroup commands (Yichong Chen) - Guard error writes in conntrack kfuncs (Yiyang Chen) * tag 'bpf-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf: bpf: Disable xfrm_decode_session hook attachment selftests/bpf: Add test for stale bounds on LSM retval context load bpf: Reset register bounds before narrowing retval range in check_mem_access() selftests/bpf: Cover small conntrack opts error writes bpf: Guard conntrack opts error writes selftests/bpf: Cover half-slot cleanup of pointer spills bpf: Preserve pointer spill metadata during half-slot cleanup selftests/bpf: Test cgroup link replace with BPF_F_PREORDER bpf: Fix effective prog array index with BPF_F_PREORDER bpf: Fix BPF_PROG_ASSOC_STRUCT_OPS last field check bpf: zero-initialize the fib lookup flow struct bpftool: Fix vmlinux BTF leak in cgroup commands bpf: Add missing access_ok call to copy_user_syms bpf: Allow type tag BTF records to succeed other modifier records bpf: Emit verbose message when prog-specific btf_struct_access rejects a write bpf: Fix build_id caching in stack_map_get_build_id_offset() bpf: Fix partial copy of non-linear test_run output selftests/bpf: Cover stack nospec slot indexing bpf: Fix stack slot index in nospec checks
2026-06-25Merge tag 'net-7.2-rc1' of ↵Linus Torvalds10-80/+206
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net Pull networking fixes from Jakub Kicinski: "Including fixes from netfilter and IPsec. Current release - regressions: - do not acquire dev->tx_global_lock in netdev_watchdog_up() - ethtool: keep rtnl_lock for ops using ethtool_op_get_link() - fix deadlock in nested UP notifier events Current release - new code bugs: - eth: - cn20k: fix subbank free list indexing for search order - airoha: fix BQL underflow in shared QDMA TX ring Previous releases - regressions: - netfilter: - flowtable: fix offloaded ct timeout never being extended - nf_conncount: prevent connlimit drops for early confirmed ct Previous releases - always broken: - require CAP_NET_ADMIN in the originating netns when modifying cross-netns devices - report NAPI thread PID in the caller's pid namespace - mac802154: fix dirty frag in in-place crypto for IOT radios - sctp: hold socket lock when dumping endpoints in sctp_diag, avoid an overflow - eth: gve: fix header buffer corruption with header-split and HW-GRO - af_key: initialize alg_key_len for IPComp states, prevent OOB read" * tag 'net-7.2-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net: (213 commits) selftests: bonding: add a test for VLAN propagation over a bonded real device vlan: defer real device state propagation to netdev_work net: add the driver-facing netdev_work scheduling API net: turn the rx_mode work into a generic netdev_work facility net: ethtool: keep rtnl_lock for ops using ethtool_op_get_link() rxrpc: Fix rxrpc_rotate_tx_rotate() to check there's something to rotate rxrpc: Fix leak of released call in recvmsg(MSG_PEEK) rxrpc: Fix socket notification race rxrpc: Fix potential infinite loop in rxrpc_recvmsg() rxrpc: Fix oob challenge leak in cleanup after notification failure rxrpc: Fix the reception of a reply packet before data transmission afs: Fix uncancelled rxrpc OOB message handler afs: Fix further netns teardown to cancel the preallocation charger rxrpc: Fix double unlock in rxrpc_recvmsg() rxrpc: Fix leak of connection from OOB challenge rxrpc: Fix ACKALL packet handling net: hns3: differentiate autoneg default values between copper and fiber net: hns3: fix permanent link down deadlock after reset net: hns3: refactor MAC autoneg and speed configuration net: hns3: unify copper port ksettings configuration path ...
2026-06-25vlan: defer real device state propagation to netdev_workJakub Kicinski1-0/+1
vlan_device_event() generates nested UP/DOWN, MTU and feature change events. It executes an event for the VLAN device directly from the notifier - while the locks of the lower device are held. This causes deadlocks, for example: bond (3) bond_update_speed_duplex(vlan) | ^ v vlan (2) UP(vlan) (4) vlan_ethtool_get_link_ksettings() | ^ v dummy (1) UP(dummy) (5) __ethtool_get_link_ksettings() The dummy device is ops locked, vlan creates a nested event (2), then bond wants to ask vlan for link state (3). bond uses the "I'm already holding the instance lock" flavor of API. But in this case the lock held refers to vlan itself. We hit vlan's link settings trampoline (4) and call __ethtool_get_link_ksettings() which tries to lock dummy. Deadlock. There's no clean way for us to tell the vlan_ethtool_get_link_ksettings() that the caller is already in lower device's critical section. Defer the propagation to the per-netdev work facility instead: the notifier only schedules netdev_work_sched(vlandev, VLAN_WORK_*), and ndo_work (vlan_dev_work) applies the change later. Hopefully nobody expects the VLAN state changes to be instantaneous. If someone does expect the changes to be instantaneous we will have to do the same thing Stan did for rx_mode and "strategically" place sync calls, to make sure such delayed works are executed after we drop the ops lock but before we drop rtnl_lock. Stan suggests that if we need that down the line we may consider reshaping the mechanism into "async notifications". AFAICT only vlan does this sort of netdev open chaining, so as a first try I think that sticking the complexity into the vlan code makes sense. One corner case is that we need to cancel the event if user explicitly changes the state before work could run. Consider the following operations with vlan0 on top of dummy0: ip link set dev dummy0 up # queues work to up vlan0 ip link set dev vlan0 down # user explicitly downs the vlan ndo_work # acts on the stale event Reported-by: syzbot+09da62a8b78959ceb8bb@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Reported-by: syzbot+cb67c392b0b8f0fd0fc1@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Reported-by: syzbot+9bb8bd77f3966641f298@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Fixes: 9f275c2e9020 ("net: ethtool: make sure __ethtool_get_link_ksettings() is ops-locked") Reviewed-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Reviewed-by: Nicolai Buchwitz <nb@tipi-net.de> Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260624182018.2445732-4-kuba@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-25net: add the driver-facing netdev_work scheduling APIJakub Kicinski1-18/+63
With an extra event mask we can easily extend the netdev work to also service driver-defined events. For advanced drivers this is probably not a perfect match, but it makes running deferred work easier in simple cases. Expose the netdev_work facility to drivers. Add helpers to schedule work and a dedicated ndo to perform the driver- -scheduled actions. Reviewed-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260624182018.2445732-3-kuba@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-25net: turn the rx_mode work into a generic netdev_work facilityJakub Kicinski5-76/+132
The rx_mode update runs from a workqueue: drivers have their ndo_set_rx_mode_async() callback executed by a single global work item under RTNL and ops lock. This is a useful pattern. Support multiple "events" that need to be serviced and make RX_MODE sync the first one. Call the events "core" because later on we will let drivers define and schedule their own. Reviewed-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Acked-by: Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@fomichev.me> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260624182018.2445732-2-kuba@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-24net: lwtunnel: Drop skb metadata before LWT encapsulationJakub Sitnicki1-0/+6
skb metadata is meant for passing information between XDP and TC. It lives in the skb headroom, immediately before skb->data. LWT programs cannot access the __sk_buff->data_meta pseudo-pointer to metadata. However, LWT encapsulation prepends outer headers, moving skb->data back over the headroom where the metadata sits. On an RX-originated (forwarded) packet that still carries XDP metadata this goes wrong in two different ways, depending on the encap type: 1. Non-BPF LWT encaps (mpls, seg6, ioam6 ...) call skb_push()/skb_pull() and silently overwrite the metadata that sits in the headroom. 2) BPF LWT xmit calls bpf_skb_change_head(), which uses skb_data_move(). That helper expects metadata immediately before skb->data. But since the IP output path runs LWT xmit before neighbour output has built the outgoing L2 header, for forwarded packets skb->data points at the L3 header while skb_mac_header() still points at the old L2 header. skb_data_move() sees metadata ending at skb_mac_header(), not before skb->data, warns and clears metadata: WARNING: CPU: 21 PID: 454557 at include/linux/skbuff.h:4609 skb_data_move+0x47/0x90 CPU: 21 UID: 0 PID: 454557 Comm: napi/iconduit-g Tainted: G O 6.18.21 #1 RIP: 0010:skb_data_move+0x47/0x90 Call Trace: <IRQ> bpf_skb_change_head+0xe6/0x1a0 bpf_prog_...+0x213/0x2e3 run_lwt_bpf.isra.0+0x1d3/0x360 bpf_xmit+0x46/0xe0 lwtunnel_xmit+0xa1/0xf0 ip_finish_output2+0x1e7/0x5e0 ip_output+0x63/0x100 __netif_receive_skb_one_core+0x85/0xa0 process_backlog+0x9c/0x150 __napi_poll+0x2b/0x190 net_rx_action+0x40b/0x7f0 handle_softirqs+0xd2/0x270 do_softirq+0x3f/0x60 </IRQ> That is what happens, as for how to fix it - a received packet that carries metadata can reach an encap through any of the three LWT redirect modes: LWTUNNEL_STATE_INPUT_REDIRECT ip6_rcv_finish dst_input lwtunnel_input LWTUNNEL_STATE_OUTPUT_REDIRECT ip6_rcv_finish dst_input ip6_forward ip6_forward_finish dst_output lwtunnel_output LWTUNNEL_STATE_XMIT_REDIRECT ip6_rcv_finish dst_input ip6_forward ip6_forward_finish dst_output ip6_output ip6_finish_output ip6_finish_output2 lwtunnel_xmit Every encap funnels through the three LWT dispatch helpers, so drop the metadata there, right before handing the skb to the encap op. This single chokepoint covers all encap types and all three redirect modes: - lwtunnel_input(): seg6, rpl, ila, seg6_local - lwtunnel_output(): ioam6 - lwtunnel_xmit(): mpls, LWT BPF xmit Alternatively, we could clear the metadata right after TC ingress hook. That would require a compromise, however. Metadata would become inaccessible from TC egress (in setups where it actually reaches the hook it tact, that is without any L2 tunnels on path). Fixes: 8989d328dfe7 ("net: Helper to move packet data and metadata after skb_push/pull") Signed-off-by: Jakub Sitnicki <jakub@cloudflare.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260619-bpf-lwt-drop-skb-metadata-v3-1-71d6a33ab76b@cloudflare.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-23net, bpf: check master for NULL in xdp_master_redirect()Xiang Mei1-1/+1
xdp_master_redirect() dereferences the result of netdev_master_upper_dev_get_rcu() without a NULL check, but that helper returns NULL when the receiving device has no upper-master adjacency. The reach guard only checks netif_is_bond_slave(). On bond slave release bond_upper_dev_unlink() drops the upper-master adjacency before clearing IFF_SLAVE, so an XDP_TX reaching xdp_master_redirect() in that window still passes netif_is_bond_slave() while master is already NULL, and faults on master->flags at offset 0xb0: BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 00000000000000b0 RIP: 0010:xdp_master_redirect (net/core/filter.c:4432) Call Trace: xdp_master_redirect (net/core/filter.c:4432) bpf_prog_run_generic_xdp (include/net/xdp.h:700) do_xdp_generic (net/core/dev.c:5608) __netif_receive_skb_one_core (net/core/dev.c:6204) process_backlog (net/core/dev.c:6319) __napi_poll (net/core/dev.c:7729) net_rx_action (net/core/dev.c:7792) handle_softirqs (kernel/softirq.c:622) __dev_queue_xmit (include/linux/bottom_half.h:33) packet_sendmsg (net/packet/af_packet.c:3082) __sys_sendto (net/socket.c:2252) Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception in interrupt The missing check dates back to the original code; commit 1921f91298d1 ("net, bpf: fix null-ptr-deref in xdp_master_redirect() for down master") later added the master->flags read where the fault now lands but kept the unconditional deref. Check master for NULL before use; a NULL master is treated the same as one that is not up. Fixes: 879af96ffd72 ("net, core: Add support for XDP redirection to slave device") Reported-by: Weiming Shi <bestswngs@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Xiang Mei <xmei5@asu.edu> Reviewed-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260620201531.180123-1-xmei5@asu.edu Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-22bpf: zero-initialize the fib lookup flow structAvinash Duduskar1-2/+2
bpf_ipv4_fib_lookup() and bpf_ipv6_fib_lookup() build the flow key on the stack with a bare "struct flowi4 fl4;" / "struct flowi6 fl6;" and fill it field by field, but never set flowi4_l3mdev / flowi6_l3mdev. On the non-DIRECT path the lookup goes through the fib rules whenever the netns has custom rules, which a VRF installs: bpf_ipv4_fib_lookup() -> fib_lookup() -> __fib_lookup() -> l3mdev_update_flow() reads !fl->flowi_l3mdev -> fib_rules_lookup() -> fib_rule_match() -> l3mdev_fib_rule_match() uses fl->flowi_l3mdev l3mdev_update_flow() resolves the l3mdev master from the ingress device only while the field is still zero. Left at a nonzero stack value the resolution is skipped, and l3mdev_fib_rule_match() then tests that value as an ifindex, so the VRF master is not resolved and the rule fails to match: an ingress enslaved to a VRF can fail to select its table. FIB rules matching on an L3 master device (l3mdev_fib_rule_iif_match()/ _oif_match()) read the same value, so an "ip rule iif/oif <vrf>" mismatches the same way. Zero-initialize the whole flow struct rather than adding one more field assignment, so any flowi field added later is covered too. ip_route_input_slow() likewise zeroes the field before its input lookup. CONFIG_INIT_STACK_ALL_ZERO masks this by default, but it depends on compiler support (CC_HAS_AUTO_VAR_INIT_ZERO), so INIT_STACK_NONE builds, including older toolchains that fall back to it, are exposed. Built with INIT_STACK_ALL_PATTERN, a plain bpf_fib_lookup (no VLAN, no DIRECT) over a VRF slave whose destination is routed only in the VRF table returns BPF_FIB_LKUP_RET_NOT_FWDED, and resolves with this patch. On the default config the lookup succeeds either way, so ordinary testing does not catch the bug. Fixes: 40867d74c374 ("net: Add l3mdev index to flow struct and avoid oif reset for port devices") Signed-off-by: Avinash Duduskar <avinash.duduskar@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Toke Høiland-Jørgensen <toke@redhat.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260617224719.1428599-1-avinash.duduskar@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-06-19flow_dissector: check device type before reading ETH_ADDRSYun Zhou1-2/+10
__skb_flow_dissect() unconditionally reads 12 bytes from eth_hdr(skb) when FLOW_DISSECTOR_KEY_ETH_ADDRS is requested. This assumes the skb has a valid Ethernet header at mac_header, which is not always the case. The problem can be triggered by: 1. Creating a TUN device in L3 mode (IFF_TUN, hard_header_len=0) 2. Attaching a multiq qdisc with a flower filter matching on eth_src 3. Sending a packet through AF_PACKET Since TUN in L3 mode has no link-layer header, mac_header points to the L3 data area. The flow dissector reads 12 bytes of uninitialized skb memory, which then propagates through fl_set_masked_key() and is used as a rhashtable lookup key in __fl_lookup(), as reported by KMSAN. Rejecting the filter in the control path (at tc filter add time) is not feasible because TC filter blocks can be shared between arbitrary devices -- a filter installed on an Ethernet device may later classify packets on a headerless device through a shared block. The device association is not fixed at filter creation time. Fix this by gating the memcpy on dev->type == ARPHRD_ETHER, which ensures only true Ethernet-framed packets have their addresses read. This is more precise than the previous hard_header_len >= 12 check, which would incorrectly pass for non-Ethernet link types like IPoIB (ARPHRD_INFINIBAND, hard_header_len=24) and FDDI (hard_header_len=21) whose L2 headers are not in Ethernet format. Additionally check skb_mac_header_was_set() to guard against the pathological case where mac_header is the unset sentinel (~0U), which would cause eth_hdr() to return a wild pointer. For the act_mirred redirect case (Ethernet packet redirected to a non-Ethernet device sharing a TC block), zeroing the key is the correct behavior: the packet is now being classified on the target device, where Ethernet address matching is not semantically meaningful. Note: on non-Ethernet devices, the zeroed key will match a filter configured with all-zero MAC addresses. This is an improvement over the previous behavior where uninitialized memory could randomly match any filter. Reported-by: syzbot+fa2f5b1fb06147be5e16@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Closes: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=fa2f5b1fb06147be5e16 Fixes: 67a900cc0436 ("flow_dissector: introduce support for Ethernet addresses") Signed-off-by: Yun Zhou <yun.zhou@windriver.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260616123057.482154-1-yun.zhou@windriver.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-18netdev-genl: report NAPI thread PID in the caller's pid namespaceMaoyi Xie1-1/+3
netdev_nl_napi_fill_one() reports the NAPI kthread PID in NETDEV_A_NAPI_PID using task_pid_nr(), which returns the PID in the initial pid namespace. NETDEV_CMD_NAPI_GET does not have GENL_ADMIN_PERM and the netdev genl family is netnsok, so a caller in a child pid namespace can issue it. That caller then sees the kthread's global PID, even though the kthread is not visible in its pid namespace, where the value should be 0. Translate the PID through the caller's pid namespace, the same way commit 3799c2570982 ("io_uring/fdinfo: translate SqThread PID through caller's pid_ns") did for the io_uring SQPOLL thread. The doit and dumpit paths both run synchronously in the caller's context, so task_active_pid_ns(current) is the caller's pid namespace. Fixes: db4704f4e4df ("netdev-genl: Add PID for the NAPI thread") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Maoyi Xie <maoyixie.tju@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Joe Damato <joe@dama.to> Reviewed-by: Samiullah Khawaja <skhawaja@google.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260615171736.1709318-1-maoyixie.tju@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-18net: ip_gre: require CAP_NET_ADMIN in the device netns for changelinkMaoyi Xie1-0/+8
A tunnel changelink() operates on at most two netns, dev_net(dev) and the tunnel link netns t->net. They differ once the device is created in or moved to a netns other than the one the request runs in. The rtnl changelink path checks CAP_NET_ADMIN only against dev_net(dev), so a caller privileged there but not in t->net can rewrite a tunnel that lives in t->net. Add rtnl_dev_link_net_capable() next to rtnl_get_net_ns_capable() in net/core/rtnetlink.c. It requires CAP_NET_ADMIN in the link netns and is skipped when the link netns is dev_net(dev), where the rtnl path already checked it. The other patches in this series use the same helper. Gate ipgre_changelink() and erspan_changelink() with it, at the top of the op before any attribute is parsed, because the parsers update live tunnel fields first. ipgre_netlink_parms() sets t->collect_md before ip_tunnel_changelink() runs. Commit 8b484efd5cb4 ("ip6: vti: Use ip6_tnl.net in vti6_siocdevprivate().") added the same check on the ioctl path. This adds it on RTM_NEWLINK. Reported-by: Xiao Liang <shaw.leon@gmail.com> Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/CABAhCOSzP1vaThGV35_VnsRCb=87_CPjPVsTHbq905k8A+BuUg@mail.gmail.com/ Fixes: b57708add314 ("gre: add x-netns support") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Maoyi Xie <maoyixie.tju@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260612085941.3158249-2-maoyixie.tju@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-17Merge tag 'bpf-next-7.2' of ↵Linus Torvalds2-31/+98
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf-next Pull bpf updates from Alexei Starovoitov: "Major changes: - Recover from BPF arena page faults using a scratch page and add ptep_try_set() for lockless empty-slot installs on x86 and arm64. This allows BPF kfuncs to access arena pointers directly. The 'arena_direct_access' stable branch was created for this work and was pulled into sched-ext and bpf-next trees (Tejun Heo, Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi) - Lift old restriction and support 6+ arguments in BPF programs and kfuncs on x86 and arm64 (Yonghong Song, Puranjay Mohan) Other features and fixes: - Add 24-bit BTF vlen and reclaim unused bits in the BTF UAPI to ease addition of new BTF kinds (Alan Maguire) - Raise the maximum BPF call chain depth from 8 to 16 frames (Alexei Starovoitov) - Refactor object relationship tracking in the verifier and fix a dynptr use-after-free bug (Amery Hung) - Harden the signed program loader and reject exclusive maps as inner maps (Daniel Borkmann) - Replace the verifier min/max bounds fields with a circular number (cnum) representation and improve 32->64 bit range refinements (Eduard Zingerman) - Introduce the arena library and runtime (libarena) with a buddy allocator, rbtree and SPMC queue data structures, ASAN support and a parallel test harness. Allow subprograms to return arena pointers and switch to a BTF type-tag based __arena annotation (Emil Tsalapatis) - Cache build IDs in the sleepable stackmap path and avoid faultable build ID reads under mm locks (Ihor Solodrai) - Introduce the tracing_multi link to attach a single BPF program to many kernel functions at once. Allow specifying the uprobe_multi target via FD (Jiri Olsa) - Extend the bpf_list family of kfuncs with bpf_list_add/del(), and bpf_list_is_first/is_last/empty() (Kaitao Cheng) - Extend the BPF syscall with common attributes support for prog_load, btf_load and map_create (Leon Hwang) - Wrap rhashtable as BPF map (Mykyta Yatsenko, Herbert Xu) - Add sleepable support for tracepoint programs and fix deadlocks in LRU map due to NMI reentry (Mykyta Yatsenko) - Fix OOB access in bpf_flow_keys, fix nullness analysis of inner arrays, enforce write checks for global subprograms (Nuoqi Gui) - Report the maximum combined stack depth and print a breakdown of instructions processed per subprogram (Paul Chaignon) - Add an XDP load-balancer benchmark and arm64 JIT support for stack arguments (Puranjay Mohan) - Add kfuncs to traverse over wakeup_sources (Samuel Wu) - Allow sleepable BPF programs to use LPM trie maps directly (Vlad Poenaru) - Many more fixes and cleanups across the verifier, BTF, sockmap, devmap, bpffs, security hooks, s390/riscv/loongarch JITs, rqspinlock, libbpf, bpftool, selftests" * tag 'bpf-next-7.2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/bpf/bpf-next: (336 commits) selftests/bpf: Work around llvm stack overflow in crypto progs selftests/bpf: add test for bpf_msg_pop_data() overflow bpf, sockmap: fix integer overflow in bpf_msg_pop_data() bounds check sockmap: Fix use-after-free in udp_bpf_recvmsg() bpf, sockmap: keep sk_msg copy state in sync bpf, sockmap: Fix wrong rsge offset in bpf_msg_push_data() bpf, sockmap: reject overflowing copy + len in bpf_msg_push_data() selftsets/bpf: Retry map update on helper_fill_hashmap() selftests/bpf: Add test for sleepable lsm_cgroup rejection selftests/bpf: Add test to verify the fix for bpf_setsockopt() helper bpf: Fix bpf_get/setsockopt to tos for ipv4-mapped ipv6 socket selftests/bpf: Avoid static LLVM linking for cross builds selftests/bpf: Use common CFLAGS for urandom_read selftests/bpf: Initialize operation name before use tools/bpf: build: Append extra cflags libbpf: Initialize CFLAGS before including Makefile.include bpftool: Append extra host flags bpftool: Avoid adding EXTRA_CFLAGS to HOST_CFLAGS bpftool: Pass host flags to bootstrap libbpf selftests/bpf: correct CONFIG_PPC64 macro name in comment ...
2026-06-17Merge tag 'net-next-7.2' of ↵Linus Torvalds27-453/+532
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-next Pull networking updates from Jakub Kicinski: "Core & protocols: - Work on removing rtnl_lock protection throughout the stack continues. In this chapter: - don't use rtnl_lock for IPv6 multicast routing configuration - don't take rtnl_lock in ethtool for modern drivers - prepare Qdisc dump callbacks for rtnl_lock removal - Support dumping just ifindex + name of all interfaces, under RCU. It's a common operation for Netlink CLI tools (when translating names to ifindexes) and previously required full rtnl_lock. - Support dumping qdiscs and page pools for a specific netdev. Even tho user space wants a dump of all netdevs, most of the time, the OOO programming model results in repeating the dump for each netdev. Which, in absence of a cache, leads to a O(n^2) behavior. - Flush nexthops once on multi-nexthop removal (e.g. when device goes down), another O(n^2) -> O(n) improvement. - Rehash locally generated traffic to a different nexthop on retransmit timeout. - Honor oif when choosing nexthop for locally generated IPv6 traffic. - Convert TCP Auth Option to crypto library, and drop non-RFC algos. - Increase subflow limits in MPTCP to 64 and endpoint limit to 256. - Support MPTCP signaling of IPv6 address + port (ADD_ADDR). We need to selectively skip reporting of the standard TCP Timestamp option, because they won't fit into the header space together (12 + 30 > 40). - Support using bridge neighbor suppression, Duplicate Address Detection, Gratuitous ARP and unsolicited NA forwarding - in EVPN deployments, e.g. VXLAN fabrics (IPv4 and IPv6). - Improve link state reporting for upper netdevs (e.g. macvlan) over tunnel devices (again, mostly for EVPN deployments). - Support binding GENEVE tunnels to a local address. - Speed up UDP tunnel destruction (remove one synchronize_rcu()). - Support exponential field encoding in multicast (IGMPv3 and MLDv2). - Support attaching PSP crypto offload to containers (veth, netkit). - Add a new IPSec Netlink message XFRM_MSG_MIGRATE_STATE that allows migrating individual IPsec SAs independently of their policies. The existing XFRM_MSG_MIGRATE is tightly coupled to policy+SA migration, lacks SPI for unique SA identification, and cannot express reqid changes or migrate Transport mode selectors. The new interface identifies the SA via SPI and mark, supports reqid changes, address family changes, encap removal, and uses an atomic create+install flow under x->lock to prevent SN/IV reuse during AEAD SA migration. - Implement GRO/GSO support for PPPoE. - Convert sockopt callbacks in a number of protocols to iov_iter. Cross-tree stuff: - Remove support for Crypto TFM cloning (unblocked after the TCP Auth Option rework). This feature regressed performance for all crypto API users, since it changed crypto transformation objects into reference-counted objects. - Add FCrypt-PCBC implementation to rxrpc and remove it from the global crypto API as obsolete and insecure. Wireless: - Major rework of station bandwidth handling, fixing issues with lower capability than AP. - Cleanups for EMLSR spec issues (drafts differed). - More Neighbor Awareness Networking (Wi-Fi Aware) work (multicast, schedule improvements, multi-station etc.) - Some Ultra High Reliability (UHR) / IEEE 802.11bn (D1.4) work (e.g. non-primary channel access, UHR DBE support). - Fine Timing Measurement ranging (i.e. distance measurement) APIs. Netfilter: - Use per-rule hash initval in nf_conncount. This avoids unnecessary lock contention with short keys (e.g. conntrack zones) in different namespaces. - Various safety improvements, both in packet parsing and object lifetimes. Notably add refcounts to conntrack timeout policy. Deletions: - Remove TLS + sockmap integration. TLS wants to pin user pages to avoid a copy, and sockmap wants to write to the input stream. More work on this integration is clearly needed, and we can't find any users (original author admitted that they never deployed it). - Remove support for TLS offload with TCP Offload Engine (the far more common opportunistic offload is retained). The locking looks unfixable (driver sleeps under TCP spin locks) and people from the vendor that added this are AWOL. - Remove more ATM code, trying to leave behind only what PPPoATM needs, AAL5 and br2684 with permanent circuits. - Remove AppleTalk. Let it join hamradio in our out of tree protocol graveyard, I mean, repository. - Disable 32-bit x_tables compatibility (32bit binaries on 64bit kernel) interface in user namespaces. To be deleted completely, soon. - Remove 5/10 MHz support from cfg80211/mac80211. Drivers: - Software: - Support DEVMEM/DMABUF Tx over NETMEM_TX_NO_DMA devices (netkit) - bonding: add knob to strictly follow 802.3ad for link state - New drivers: - Alibaba Elastic Ethernet Adaptor (cloud vNIC). - NXP NETC switch within i.MX94. - DPLL: - Add operational state to pins (implement in zl3073x). - Add generic DPLL type, for daisy-chaining DPLLs (implement in ice). - Ethernet high-speed NICs: - Huawei (hinic3): - enhance tc flow offload support with queue selection, tunnels - nVidia/Mellanox: - avoid over-copying payload to the skb's linear part (up to 60% win for LRO on slow CPUs like ARM64 V2) - expose more per-queue stats over the standard API - support additional, unprivileged PFs in the DPU configuration - support Socket Direct (multi-PF) with switchdev offloads - add a pool / frag allocator for DMA mapped buffers for control objects, save memory on systems with 64kB page size - take advantage of the ability to dynamically change RSS table size, even when table is configured by the user - increase the max RSS table size for even traffic distribution - Ethernet NICs: - Marvell/Aquantia: - AQC113 PTP support - Realtek USB (r8152): - support 10Gbit Link Speeds and Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) - support firmware loaded (for RTL8157/RTL8159) - support for the RTL8159 - Intel (ixgbe): - support Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) on E610 devices - Ethernet switches: - Airoha: - support multiple netdevs on a single GDM block / port - Marvell (mv88e6xxx): - support SERDES of mv88e6321 - Microchip (ksz8/9): - rework the driver callbacks to remove one indirection layer - Motorcomm (yt921x): - support port rate policing - support TBF qdisc offload - support ACL/flower offload - nVidia/Mellanox: - expose per-PG rx_discards - Realtek: - rtl8365mb: bridge offloading and VLAN support - Ethernet PHYs: - Airoha: - support Airoha AN8801R Gigabit PHYs. - Micrel: - implement 3 low-loss cable tunables - Realtek: - support MDI swapping for RTL8226-CG - support MDIO for RTL931x - Qualcomm: - at803x: Rx and Tx clock management for IPQ5018 PHY - Motorcomm: - support YT8522 100M RMII PHY - set drive strength in YT8531s RGMII - TI: - dp83822: add optional external PHY clock - Bluetooth: - hci_sync: add support for HCI_LE_Set_Host_Feature [v2] - SMP: use AES-CMAC library API - Intel: - support Product level reset - support smart trigger dump - Mediatek: - add event filter to filter specific event - Realtek: - fix RTL8761B/BU broken LE extended scan - WiFi: - Broadcom (b43): - new support for a 11n device - MediaTek (mt76): - support mt7927 - mt792x: broken usb transport detection - mt7921: regulatory improvements - Qualcomm (ath9k): - GPIO interface improvements - Qualcomm (ath12k): - WDS support - replace dynamic memory allocation in WMI Rx path - thermal throttling/cooling device support - 6 GHz incumbent interference detection - channel 177 in 5 GHz - Realtek (rt89): - RTL8922AU support - USB 3 mode switch for performance - better monitor radiotap support - RTL8922DE preparations" * tag 'net-next-7.2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-next: (1778 commits) ipv4: fib_rule: Move fib4_rules_exit() to ->exit(). net: serialize netif_running() check in enqueue_to_backlog() net: skmsg: preserve sg.copy across SG transforms appletalk: move the protocol out of tree appletalk: stop storing per-interface state in struct net_device selftests/bpf: test that TLS crypto is rejected on a sockmap socket selftests/bpf: drop the unused kTLS program from test_sockmap selftests/bpf: remove sockmap + ktls tests tls: remove dead sockmap (psock) handling from the SW path tls: reject the combination of TLS and sockmap atm: remove orphaned uAPI for deleted drivers, protocols and SVCs atm: remove unused ATM PHY operations atm: remove the unused pre_send and send_bh device operations atm: remove the unused change_qos device operation atm: remove SVC socket support and the signaling daemon interface atm: remove the local ATM (NSAP) address registry atm: remove dead SONET PHY ioctls atm: remove the unused send_oam / push_oam callbacks atm: remove AAL3/4 transport support net: dsa: sja1105: fix lastused timestamp in flower stats ...
2026-06-17net: serialize netif_running() check in enqueue_to_backlog()Eric Dumazet1-2/+4
Syzbot reported a KASAN slab-use-after-free in fib_rules_lookup(). The root cause is a race condition where packets can escape the backlog flushing during device unregistration (e.g., during netns exit). Commit e9e4dd3267d0 ("net: do not process device backlog during unregistration") introduced a lockless netif_running() check in enqueue_to_backlog() to prevent queuing packets to an unregistering device. However, this creates a TOCTOU race window. A lockless transmitter (like veth_xmit) can pass the check before dev_close() clears IFF_UP. If the transmitter is then delayed, flush_all_backlogs() can run and finish before the transmitter grabs the backlog lock and queues the packet. The packet then escapes the flush and triggers UAF later when processed. Fix this by moving the netif_running() check inside the backlog lock. This serializes the check with the flush work (which also grabs the lock). We then either queue the packet before the flush runs (so it gets flushed), or check netif_running() after the flush/close completes (so it gets dropped). Fixes: e9e4dd3267d0 ("net: do not process device backlog during unregistration") Reported-by: syzbot+965506b59a2de0b6905c@syzkaller.appspotmail.com Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/6a315824.b0403584.28d0ff.0000.GAE@google.com/T/#u Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Cc: Julian Anastasov <ja@ssi.bg> Reviewed-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260616141317.407791-1-edumazet@google.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-17Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/netJakub Kicinski5-6/+40
Merge in late fixes in preparation for the net-next PR. Conflicts: net/tls/tls_sw.c 406e8a651a7b ("net: skmsg: preserve sg.copy across SG transforms") 79511603a65b ("tls: remove dead sockmap (psock) handling from the SW path") drivers/net/ethernet/microsoft/mana/mana_en.c f8fd56977eeea ("net: mana: guard TX wq object destroy with INVALID_MANA_HANDLE check") d07efe5a6e641 ("net: mana: Use per-queue allocation for tx_qp to reduce allocation size") https://lore.kernel.org/ajAPXu-C_PuTgV-a@sirena.org.uk No adjacent changes. Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-17net: skmsg: preserve sg.copy across SG transformsYiming Qian2-0/+29
The sk_msg sg.copy bitmap is part of the scatterlist entry ownership state. A set bit tells sk_msg_compute_data_pointers() not to expose the entry through writable BPF ctx->data. This protects entries backed by pages that are not private to the sk_msg, such as splice-backed file page-cache pages. Several sk_msg transform paths move, copy, split, or compact msg->sg.data[] entries without moving the matching sg.copy bit. This can make an externally backed entry arrive at a new slot with a clear copy bit. A later SK_MSG verdict can then expose sg_virt(sge) as writable ctx->data and BPF stores can modify the original page cache. Keep sg.copy synchronized with sg.data[] whenever entries are transferred, shifted, split, or copied into a new sk_msg. Clear the bit when an entry is replaced by a newly allocated private page or freed. This covers the BPF pull/push/pop helpers, sk_msg_shift_left/right(), sk_msg_xfer(), and tls_split_open_record(), including the partial tail entry created during TLS open-record splitting. Fixes: d3b18ad31f93 ("tls: add bpf support to sk_msg handling") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Reported-by: Yiming Qian <yimingqian591@gmail.com> Reported-by: Keenan Dong <keenanat2000@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Yiming Qian <yimingqian591@gmail.com> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260610062137.49075-1-yimingqian591@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-16tls: remove dead sockmap (psock) handling from the SW pathJakub Kicinski1-49/+3
TLS and sockmap are now mutually exclusive. Try to delete the code from sendmsg and recvmsg path which is now obviously dead. The main goal is to delete enough code for AI security scanners to no longer bother us with sockmap related bugs. At the same time retain the code in case someone has the cycles to fix all of this and make the integration work, again. If the integration does not get restored we can wipe the rest of the skmsg code from TLS in two or three releases. The changes on the Tx side are deeper since that's where most of the bugs are, Rx side simply takes the data from sockmap and gives it to the user. On Tx split record handling and rolling back the iterator were the two problem areas. Reviewed-by: Jakub Sitnicki <jakub@cloudflare.com> Reviewed-by: Sabrina Dubroca <sd@queasysnail.net> Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260614014102.461064-3-kuba@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski <kuba@kernel.org>
2026-06-16Merge tag 'slab-for-7.2' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-11/+13
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vbabka/slab Pull slab updates from Vlastimil Babka: - Support for "allocation tokens" (currently available in Clang 22+) for smarter partitioning of kmalloc caches based on the allocated object type, which can be enabled instead of the "random" per-caller-address-hash partitioning. It should be able to deterministically separate types containing a pointer from those that do not (Marco Elver) - Improvements and simplification of the kmem_cache_alloc_bulk() and mempool_alloc_bulk() API. This includes adaptation of callers (Christoph Hellwig) - Performance improvements and cleanups related mostly to sheaves refill (Hao Li, Shengming Hu, Vlastimil Babka) - Several fixups for the slabinfo tool (Xuewen Wang) * tag 'slab-for-7.2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vbabka/slab: mm/slab: do not limit zeroing to orig_size when only red zoning is enabled mm/slub: preserve original size in _kmalloc_nolock_noprof retry path mm: simplify the mempool_alloc_bulk API mm/slab: improve kmem_cache_alloc_bulk mm/slub: detach and reattach partial slabs in batch mm/slub: introduce helpers for node partial slab state mm/slub: use empty sheaf helpers for oversized sheaves tools/mm/slabinfo: remove redundant slab->partial assignment tools/mm/slabinfo: remove dead assignment in get_obj_and_str() tools/mm/slabinfo: Fix trace disable logic inversion MAINTAINERS: add slab-related scripts and tools to SLAB ALLOCATOR mm/slub: fix typo in sheaves comment mm, slab: simplify returning slab in __refill_objects_node() mm, slab: add an optimistic __slab_try_return_freelist() slab: fix kernel-docs for mm-api slab: improve KMALLOC_PARTITION_RANDOM randomness slab: support for compiler-assisted type-based slab cache partitioning mm/slub: defer freelist construction until after bulk allocation from a new slab
2026-06-15bpf, sockmap: fix integer overflow in bpf_msg_pop_data() bounds checkSechang Lim1-2/+2
start and len are u32, so u64 last = start + len; evaluates start + len in 32-bit and wraps before storing it in last. The bounds check if (start >= offset + l || last > msg->sg.size) return -EINVAL; can then be passed with an out-of-range start/len, after which the pop loop runs off the end of the scatterlist and sk_msg_shift_left() calls put_page() on the empty msg->sg.end slot: Oops: general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address 0xdffffc0000000001: 0000 [#1] SMP KASAN PTI KASAN: null-ptr-deref in range [0x0000000000000008-0x000000000000000f] RIP: 0010:sk_msg_shift_left net/core/filter.c:2957 [inline] RIP: 0010:____bpf_msg_pop_data net/core/filter.c:3103 [inline] RIP: 0010:bpf_msg_pop_data+0x753/0x1a10 net/core/filter.c:2984 Call Trace: <TASK> bpf_prog_4cc92c278f4d5d56+0x1b1/0x1e8 bpf_prog_run_pin_on_cpu+0x107/0x320 include/linux/filter.h:746 sk_psock_msg_verdict+0x357/0x7f0 net/core/skmsg.c:934 tcp_bpf_send_verdict net/ipv4/tcp_bpf.c:420 [inline] tcp_bpf_sendmsg+0x766/0x1ae0 net/ipv4/tcp_bpf.c:583 __sock_sendmsg+0x153/0x1c0 net/socket.c:802 __sys_sendto+0x326/0x430 net/socket.c:2265 __x64_sys_sendto+0xe3/0x100 net/socket.c:2268 do_syscall_64+0x14c/0x480 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x77/0x7f </TASK> Widen the addition with a (u64) cast so the bound is evaluated in 64-bit and a len near U32_MAX no longer wraps below msg->sg.size. While here, change pop from int to u32. It counts bytes against the unsigned scatterlist lengths and can never be negative, so the signed type only invites sign-confusion in the pop loop. Fixes: 7246d8ed4dcc ("bpf: helper to pop data from messages") Reviewed-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev> Reviewed-by: Emil Tsalapatis <emil@etsalapatis.com> Reviewed-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Signed-off-by: Sechang Lim <rhkrqnwk98@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260615021959.140010-6-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>
2026-06-15bpf, sockmap: keep sk_msg copy state in syncZhang Cen1-5/+83
SK_MSG uses msg->sg.copy as per-scatterlist-entry provenance. Entries with this bit set are copied before data/data_end are exposed to SK_MSG BPF programs for direct packet access. bpf_msg_pull_data(), bpf_msg_push_data(), and bpf_msg_pop_data() rewrite the sk_msg scatterlist ring by collapsing, splitting, and shifting entries. These operations move msg->sg.data[] entries, but the parallel copy bitmap can be left behind on the old slot. A copied entry can then return to msg->sg.start with its copy bit clear and be exposed as directly writable packet data. This corruption path requires an attached SK_MSG BPF program that calls the mutating helpers; ordinary sockmap/TLS traffic that never runs push/pop/pull helper sequences is not affected. Keep msg->sg.copy synchronized with scatterlist entry moves, preserve the copy bit when an entry is split, clear it when a helper replaces an entry with a private page, and clear slots vacated by pull-data compaction. Fixes: 015632bb30da ("bpf: sk_msg program helper bpf_sk_msg_pull_data") Fixes: 6fff607e2f14 ("bpf: sk_msg program helper bpf_msg_push_data") Fixes: 7246d8ed4dcc ("bpf: helper to pop data from messages") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Co-developed-by: Han Guidong <2045gemini@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: John Fastabend <john.fastabend@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Emil Tsalapatis <emil@etsalapatis.com> Reviewed-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima <kuniyu@google.com> Signed-off-by: Han Guidong <2045gemini@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Zhang Cen <rollkingzzc@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Jiayuan Chen <jiayuan.chen@linux.dev> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20260615021959.140010-4-jiayuan.chen@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org>