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2018-01-29Merge tag 'init_task-20180117' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-2/+0
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-fs Pull init_task initializer cleanups from David Howells: "It doesn't seem useful to have the init_task in a header file rather than in a normal source file. We could consolidate init_task handling instead and expand out various macros. Here's a series of patches that consolidate init_task handling: (1) Make THREAD_SIZE available to vmlinux.lds for cris, hexagon and openrisc. (2) Alter the INIT_TASK_DATA linker script macro to set init_thread_union and init_stack rather than defining these in C. Insert init_task and init_thread_into into the init_stack area in the linker script as appropriate to the configuration, with different section markers so that they end up correctly ordered. We can then get merge ia64's init_task.c into the main one. We then have a bunch of single-use INIT_*() macros that seem only to be macros because they used to be used per-arch. We can then expand these in place of the user and get rid of a few lines and a lot of backslashes. (3) Expand INIT_TASK() in place. (4) Expand in place various small INIT_*() macros that are defined conditionally. Expand them and surround them by #if[n]def/#endif in the .c file as it takes fewer lines. (5) Expand INIT_SIGNALS() and INIT_SIGHAND() in place. (6) Expand INIT_STRUCT_PID in place. These macros can then be discarded" * tag 'init_task-20180117' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-fs: Expand INIT_STRUCT_PID and remove Expand the INIT_SIGNALS and INIT_SIGHAND macros and remove Expand various INIT_* macros and remove Expand INIT_TASK() in init/init_task.c and remove Construct init thread stack in the linker script rather than by union openrisc: Make THREAD_SIZE available to vmlinux.lds hexagon: Make THREAD_SIZE available to vmlinux.lds cris: Make THREAD_SIZE available to vmlinux.lds
2018-01-17Expand various INIT_* macros and removeDavid Howells1-2/+0
Expand various INIT_* macros into the single places they're used in init/init_task.c and remove them. Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Tested-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Tested-by: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com> (arm64) Tested-by: Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@sifive.com> Acked-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2018-01-08locking/lockdep: Remove cross-release leftoversIngo Molnar1-4/+0
There's two cross-release leftover facilities: - the crossrelease_hist_*() irq-tracing callbacks (NOPs currently) - the complete_release_commit() callback (NOP as well) Remove them. Cc: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com> Cc: Byungchul Park <byungchul.park@lge.com> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2017-11-02License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no licenseGreg Kroah-Hartman1-0/+1
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license. By default all files without license information are under the default license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2. Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0' SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text. This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and Philippe Ombredanne. How this work was done: Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of the use cases: - file had no licensing information it it. - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it, - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information, Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords. The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files. The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s) to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was: - Files considered eligible had to be source code files. - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5 lines of source - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5 lines). All documentation files were explicitly excluded. The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license identifiers to apply. - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was considered to have no license information in it, and the top level COPYING file license applied. For non */uapi/* files that summary was: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------- GPL-2.0 11139 and resulted in the first patch in this series. If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------- GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930 and resulted in the second patch in this series. - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in it (per prior point). Results summary: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------ GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270 GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17 LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15 GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14 ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5 LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4 LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1 and that resulted in the third patch in this series. - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became the concluded license(s). - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a license but the other didn't, or they both detected different licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred. - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics). - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier, the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later in time. In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so they are related. Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks in about 15000 files. In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the correct identifier. Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch version early this week with: - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected license ids and scores - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+ files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the different types of files to be modified. These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to generate the patches. Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org> Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com> Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-08-29locking/lockdep: Untangle xhlock history save/restore from task independencePeter Zijlstra1-2/+2
Where XHLOCK_{SOFT,HARD} are save/restore points in the xhlocks[] to ensure the temporal IRQ events don't interact with task state, the XHLOCK_PROC is a fundament different beast that just happens to share the interface. The purpose of XHLOCK_PROC is to annotate independent execution inside one task. For example workqueues, each work should appear to run in its own 'pristine' 'task'. Remove XHLOCK_PROC in favour of its own interface to avoid confusion. Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Byungchul Park <byungchul.park@lge.com> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: boqun.feng@gmail.com Cc: david@fromorbit.com Cc: johannes@sipsolutions.net Cc: kernel-team@lge.com Cc: oleg@redhat.com Cc: tj@kernel.org Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20170829085939.ggmb6xiohw67micb@hirez.programming.kicks-ass.net Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2017-08-25locking/lockdep: Fix workqueue crossrelease annotationPeter Zijlstra1-2/+2
The new completion/crossrelease annotations interact unfavourable with the extant flush_work()/flush_workqueue() annotations. The problem is that when a single work class does: wait_for_completion(&C) and complete(&C) in different executions, we'll build dependencies like: lock_map_acquire(W) complete_acquire(C) and lock_map_acquire(W) complete_release(C) which results in the dependency chain: W->C->W, which lockdep thinks spells deadlock, even though there is no deadlock potential since works are ran concurrently. One possibility would be to change the work 'lock' to recursive-read, but that would mean hitting a lockdep limitation on recursive locks. Also, unconditinoally switching to recursive-read here would fail to detect the actual deadlock on single-threaded workqueues, which do have a problem with this. For now, forcefully disregard these locks for crossrelease. Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: boqun.feng@gmail.com Cc: byungchul.park@lge.com Cc: david@fromorbit.com Cc: johannes@sipsolutions.net Cc: oleg@redhat.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2017-08-10locking/lockdep: Implement the 'crossrelease' featureByungchul Park1-4/+20
Lockdep is a runtime locking correctness validator that detects and reports a deadlock or its possibility by checking dependencies between locks. It's useful since it does not report just an actual deadlock but also the possibility of a deadlock that has not actually happened yet. That enables problems to be fixed before they affect real systems. However, this facility is only applicable to typical locks, such as spinlocks and mutexes, which are normally released within the context in which they were acquired. However, synchronization primitives like page locks or completions, which are allowed to be released in any context, also create dependencies and can cause a deadlock. So lockdep should track these locks to do a better job. The 'crossrelease' implementation makes these primitives also be tracked. Signed-off-by: Byungchul Park <byungchul.park@lge.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: akpm@linux-foundation.org Cc: boqun.feng@gmail.com Cc: kernel-team@lge.com Cc: kirill@shutemov.name Cc: npiggin@gmail.com Cc: walken@google.com Cc: willy@infradead.org Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1502089981-21272-6-git-send-email-byungchul.park@lge.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2015-02-19irqflags: Fix (at least latent) code generation issueJan Beulich1-21/+22
The conditional in local_irq_restore() otherwise can cause code bloat (the if and else blocks may get translated into separate code paths despite the generated code being identical, dependent on compiler internal heuristics). Note that this adjustment gets the code in sync with the comment preceding it (which was slightly wrong from at least from 2.6.37 onwards). The code bloat was observed in reality with an experimental x86 patch. Signed-off-by: Jan Beulich <jbeulich@suse.com> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/54BE5F8E02000078000570A7@mail.emea.novell.com Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2010-10-07Fix IRQ flag handling namingDavid Howells1-43/+64
Fix the IRQ flag handling naming. In linux/irqflags.h under one configuration, it maps: local_irq_enable() -> raw_local_irq_enable() local_irq_disable() -> raw_local_irq_disable() local_irq_save() -> raw_local_irq_save() ... and under the other configuration, it maps: raw_local_irq_enable() -> local_irq_enable() raw_local_irq_disable() -> local_irq_disable() raw_local_irq_save() -> local_irq_save() ... This is quite confusing. There should be one set of names expected of the arch, and this should be wrapped to give another set of names that are expected by users of this facility. Change this to have the arch provide: flags = arch_local_save_flags() flags = arch_local_irq_save() arch_local_irq_restore(flags) arch_local_irq_disable() arch_local_irq_enable() arch_irqs_disabled_flags(flags) arch_irqs_disabled() arch_safe_halt() Then linux/irqflags.h wraps these to provide: raw_local_save_flags(flags) raw_local_irq_save(flags) raw_local_irq_restore(flags) raw_local_irq_disable() raw_local_irq_enable() raw_irqs_disabled_flags(flags) raw_irqs_disabled() raw_safe_halt() with type checking on the flags 'arguments', and then wraps those to provide: local_save_flags(flags) local_irq_save(flags) local_irq_restore(flags) local_irq_disable() local_irq_enable() irqs_disabled_flags(flags) irqs_disabled() safe_halt() with tracing included if enabled. The arch functions can now all be inline functions rather than some of them having to be macros. Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> [X86, FRV, MN10300] Signed-off-by: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@tilera.com> [Tile] Signed-off-by: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu> [Microblaze] Tested-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> [ARM] Acked-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Acked-by: Haavard Skinnemoen <haavard.skinnemoen@atmel.com> [AVR] Acked-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> [IA-64] Acked-by: Hirokazu Takata <takata@linux-m32r.org> [M32R] Acked-by: Greg Ungerer <gerg@uclinux.org> [M68K/M68KNOMMU] Acked-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> [MIPS] Acked-by: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca> [PA-RISC] Acked-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> [PowerPC] Acked-by: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> [S390] Acked-by: Chen Liqin <liqin.chen@sunplusct.com> [Score] Acked-by: Matt Fleming <matt@console-pimps.org> [SH] Acked-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> [Sparc] Acked-by: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net> [Xtensa] Reviewed-by: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net> [Alpha] Reviewed-by: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp> [H8300] Cc: starvik@axis.com [CRIS] Cc: jesper.nilsson@axis.com [CRIS] Cc: linux-cris-kernel@axis.com
2009-10-23irq: trivial: Fix typo in comment for #endifMichael Neuling1-1/+1
The comment suggests this #endif is CONFIG_X86 but it's really CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS_SUPPORT Signed-off-by: Michael Neuling <mikey@neuling.org> Cc: michael@ellerman.id.au LKML-Reference: <18191.1256182768@neuling.org> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
2009-03-13locking: rename trace_softirq_[enter|exit] => lockdep_softirq_[enter|exit]Ingo Molnar1-4/+4
Impact: cleanup The naming clashes with upcoming softirq tracepoints, so rename the APIs to lockdep_*(). Requested-by: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
2008-07-25locking: add typecheck on irqsave and friends for correct flagsSteven Rostedt1-15/+39
There haave been several areas in the kernel where an int has been used for flags in local_irq_save() and friends instead of a long. This can cause some hard to debug problems on some architectures. This patch adds a typecheck inside the irqsave and restore functions to flag these cases. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: build fix] Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <srostedt@redhat.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2008-05-23ftrace: trace preempt off critical timingsSteven Rostedt1-1/+2
Add preempt off timings. A lot of kernel core code is taken from the RT patch latency trace that was written by Ingo Molnar. This adds "preemptoff" and "preemptirqsoff" to /debugfs/tracing/available_tracers Now instead of just tracing irqs off, preemption off can be selected to be recorded. When this is selected, it shares the same files as irqs off timings. One can either trace preemption off, irqs off, or one or the other off. By echoing "preemptoff" into /debugfs/tracing/current_tracer, recording of preempt off only is performed. "irqsoff" will only record the time irqs are disabled, but "preemptirqsoff" will take the total time irqs or preemption are disabled. Runtime switching of these options is now supported by simpling echoing in the appropriate trace name into /debugfs/tracing/current_tracer. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <srostedt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2008-05-23ftrace: trace irq disabled critical timingsSteven Rostedt1-2/+10
This patch adds latency tracing for critical timings (how long interrupts are disabled for). "irqsoff" is added to /debugfs/tracing/available_tracers Note: tracing_max_latency also holds the max latency for irqsoff (in usecs). (default to large number so one must start latency tracing) tracing_thresh threshold (in usecs) to always print out if irqs off is detected to be longer than stated here. If irq_thresh is non-zero, then max_irq_latency is ignored. Here's an example of a trace with ftrace_enabled = 0 ======= preemption latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.24-rc7 Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> -------------------------------------------------------------------- latency: 100 us, #3/3, CPU#1 | (M:rt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2) ----------------- | task: swapper-0 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0) ----------------- => started at: _spin_lock_irqsave+0x2a/0xb7 => ended at: _spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x32/0x5f _------=> CPU# / _-----=> irqs-off | / _----=> need-resched || / _---=> hardirq/softirq ||| / _--=> preempt-depth |||| / ||||| delay cmd pid ||||| time | caller \ / ||||| \ | / swapper-0 1d.s3 0us+: _spin_lock_irqsave+0x2a/0xb7 (e1000_update_stats+0x47/0x64c [e1000]) swapper-0 1d.s3 100us : _spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x32/0x5f (e1000_update_stats+0x641/0x64c [e1000]) swapper-0 1d.s3 100us : trace_hardirqs_on_caller+0x75/0x89 (_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x32/0x5f) vim:ft=help ======= And this is a trace with ftrace_enabled == 1 ======= preemption latency trace v1.1.5 on 2.6.24-rc7 -------------------------------------------------------------------- latency: 102 us, #12/12, CPU#1 | (M:rt VP:0, KP:0, SP:0 HP:0 #P:2) ----------------- | task: swapper-0 (uid:0 nice:0 policy:0 rt_prio:0) ----------------- => started at: _spin_lock_irqsave+0x2a/0xb7 => ended at: _spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x32/0x5f _------=> CPU# / _-----=> irqs-off | / _----=> need-resched || / _---=> hardirq/softirq ||| / _--=> preempt-depth |||| / ||||| delay cmd pid ||||| time | caller \ / ||||| \ | / swapper-0 1dNs3 0us+: _spin_lock_irqsave+0x2a/0xb7 (e1000_update_stats+0x47/0x64c [e1000]) swapper-0 1dNs3 46us : e1000_read_phy_reg+0x16/0x225 [e1000] (e1000_update_stats+0x5e2/0x64c [e1000]) swapper-0 1dNs3 46us : e1000_swfw_sync_acquire+0x10/0x99 [e1000] (e1000_read_phy_reg+0x49/0x225 [e1000]) swapper-0 1dNs3 46us : e1000_get_hw_eeprom_semaphore+0x12/0xa6 [e1000] (e1000_swfw_sync_acquire+0x36/0x99 [e1000]) swapper-0 1dNs3 47us : __const_udelay+0x9/0x47 (e1000_read_phy_reg+0x116/0x225 [e1000]) swapper-0 1dNs3 47us+: __delay+0x9/0x50 (__const_udelay+0x45/0x47) swapper-0 1dNs3 97us : preempt_schedule+0xc/0x84 (__delay+0x4e/0x50) swapper-0 1dNs3 98us : e1000_swfw_sync_release+0xc/0x55 [e1000] (e1000_read_phy_reg+0x211/0x225 [e1000]) swapper-0 1dNs3 99us+: e1000_put_hw_eeprom_semaphore+0x9/0x35 [e1000] (e1000_swfw_sync_release+0x50/0x55 [e1000]) swapper-0 1dNs3 101us : _spin_unlock_irqrestore+0xe/0x5f (e1000_update_stats+0x641/0x64c [e1000]) swapper-0 1dNs3 102us : _spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x32/0x5f (e1000_update_stats+0x641/0x64c [e1000]) swapper-0 1dNs3 102us : trace_hardirqs_on_caller+0x75/0x89 (_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x32/0x5f) vim:ft=help ======= Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt <srostedt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2008-04-19x86: pageattr.c fix shadowed variable warningHarvey Harrison1-3/+3
irqs_disabled() uses flags internally, use _flags to avoid shadowing code calling into this macro. Introduced between 2.6.25-rc3 and -rc4 Fixes the sparse warning: arch/x86/mm/pageattr.c:383:21: warning: symbol 'flags' shadows an earlier one arch/x86/mm/pageattr.c:369:16: originally declared here Signed-off-by: Harvey Harrison <harvey.harrison@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
2006-07-04[PATCH] lockdep: irqtrace subsystem, coreIngo Molnar1-0/+96
Accurate hard-IRQ-flags and softirq-flags state tracing. This allows us to attach extra functionality to IRQ flags on/off events (such as trace-on/off). Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Signed-off-by: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>