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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4
Pull ext4 updates from Ted Ts'o:
"Many cleanups and bug fixes in ext4, especially for the fast commit
feature.
Also some performance improvements; in particular, improving IOPS and
throughput on fast devices running Async Direct I/O by up to 20% by
optimizing jbd2_transaction_committed()"
* tag 'ext4_for_linus-6.11-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (40 commits)
ext4: make sure the first directory block is not a hole
ext4: check dot and dotdot of dx_root before making dir indexed
ext4: sanity check for NULL pointer after ext4_force_shutdown
jbd2: increase maximum transaction size
jbd2: drop pointless shrinker batch initialization
jbd2: avoid infinite transaction commit loop
jbd2: precompute number of transaction descriptor blocks
jbd2: make jbd2_journal_get_max_txn_bufs() internal
jbd2: avoid mount failed when commit block is partial submitted
ext4: avoid writing unitialized memory to disk in EA inodes
ext4: don't track ranges in fast_commit if inode has inlined data
ext4: fix possible tid_t sequence overflows
ext4: use ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans() helper in inode creation
ext4: add missing MODULE_DESCRIPTION()
jbd2: add missing MODULE_DESCRIPTION()
ext4: use memtostr_pad() for s_volume_name
jbd2: speed up jbd2_transaction_committed()
ext4: make ext4_da_map_blocks() buffer_head unaware
ext4: make ext4_insert_delayed_block() insert multi-blocks
ext4: factor out a helper to check the cluster allocation state
...
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vfs/vfs
Pull vfs mount API updates from Christian Brauner:
- Add a generic helper to parse uid and gid mount options.
Currently we open-code the same logic in various filesystems which is
error prone, especially since the verification of uid and gid mount
options is a sensitive operation in the face of idmappings.
Add a generic helper and convert all filesystems over to it. Make
sure that filesystems that are mountable in unprivileged containers
verify that the specified uid and gid can be represented in the
owning namespace of the filesystem.
- Convert hostfs to the new mount api.
* tag 'vfs-6.11.mount.api' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vfs/vfs:
fuse: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
fuse: verify {g,u}id mount options correctly
fat: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
fat: Convert to new mount api
fat: move debug into fat_mount_options
vboxsf: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
tracefs: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
smb: client: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
tmpfs: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
ntfs3: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
isofs: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
hugetlbfs: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
ext4: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
exfat: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
efivarfs: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
debugfs: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
autofs: Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
fs_parse: add uid & gid option option parsing helpers
hostfs: Add const qualifier to host_root in hostfs_fill_super()
hostfs: convert hostfs to use the new mount API
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The syzbot constructs a directory that has no dirblock but is non-inline,
i.e. the first directory block is a hole. And no errors are reported when
creating files in this directory in the following flow.
ext4_mknod
...
ext4_add_entry
// Read block 0
ext4_read_dirblock(dir, block, DIRENT)
bh = ext4_bread(NULL, inode, block, 0)
if (!bh && (type == INDEX || type == DIRENT_HTREE))
// The first directory block is a hole
// But type == DIRENT, so no error is reported.
After that, we get a directory block without '.' and '..' but with a valid
dentry. This may cause some code that relies on dot or dotdot (such as
make_indexed_dir()) to crash.
Therefore when ext4_read_dirblock() finds that the first directory block
is a hole report that the filesystem is corrupted and return an error to
avoid loading corrupted data from disk causing something bad.
Reported-by: syzbot+ae688d469e36fb5138d0@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Closes: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=ae688d469e36fb5138d0
Fixes: 4e19d6b65fb4 ("ext4: allow directory holes")
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Baokun Li <libaokun1@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240702132349.2600605-3-libaokun@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Syzbot reports a issue as follows:
============================================
BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: ffffed11022e24fe
PGD 23ffee067 P4D 23ffee067 PUD 0
Oops: Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN PTI
CPU: 0 PID: 5079 Comm: syz-executor306 Not tainted 6.10.0-rc5-g55027e689933 #0
Call Trace:
<TASK>
make_indexed_dir+0xdaf/0x13c0 fs/ext4/namei.c:2341
ext4_add_entry+0x222a/0x25d0 fs/ext4/namei.c:2451
ext4_rename fs/ext4/namei.c:3936 [inline]
ext4_rename2+0x26e5/0x4370 fs/ext4/namei.c:4214
[...]
============================================
The immediate cause of this problem is that there is only one valid dentry
for the block to be split during do_split, so split==0 results in out of
bounds accesses to the map triggering the issue.
do_split
unsigned split
dx_make_map
count = 1
split = count/2 = 0;
continued = hash2 == map[split - 1].hash;
---> map[4294967295]
The maximum length of a filename is 255 and the minimum block size is 1024,
so it is always guaranteed that the number of entries is greater than or
equal to 2 when do_split() is called.
But syzbot's crafted image has no dot and dotdot in dir, and the dentry
distribution in dirblock is as follows:
bus dentry1 hole dentry2 free
|xx--|xx-------------|...............|xx-------------|...............|
0 12 (8+248)=256 268 256 524 (8+256)=264 788 236 1024
So when renaming dentry1 increases its name_len length by 1, neither hole
nor free is sufficient to hold the new dentry, and make_indexed_dir() is
called.
In make_indexed_dir() it is assumed that the first two entries of the
dirblock must be dot and dotdot, so bus and dentry1 are left in dx_root
because they are treated as dot and dotdot, and only dentry2 is moved
to the new leaf block. That's why count is equal to 1.
Therefore add the ext4_check_dx_root() helper function to add more sanity
checks to dot and dotdot before starting the conversion to avoid the above
issue.
Reported-by: syzbot+ae688d469e36fb5138d0@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Closes: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=ae688d469e36fb5138d0
Fixes: ac27a0ec112a ("[PATCH] ext4: initial copy of files from ext3")
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Baokun Li <libaokun1@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240702132349.2600605-2-libaokun@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Test case: 2 threads write short inline data to a file.
In ext4_page_mkwrite the resulting inline data is converted.
Handling ext4_grp_locked_error with description "block bitmap
and bg descriptor inconsistent: X vs Y free clusters" calls
ext4_force_shutdown. The conversion clears
EXT4_STATE_MAY_INLINE_DATA but fails for
ext4_destroy_inline_data_nolock and ext4_mark_iloc_dirty due
to ext4_forced_shutdown. The restoration of inline data fails
for the same reason not setting EXT4_STATE_MAY_INLINE_DATA.
Without the flag set a regular process path in ext4_da_write_end
follows trying to dereference page folio private pointer that has
not been set. The fix calls early return with -EIO error shall the
pointer to private be NULL.
Sample crash report:
Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address dfff800000000004
KASAN: null-ptr-deref in range [0x0000000000000020-0x0000000000000027]
Mem abort info:
ESR = 0x0000000096000005
EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
SET = 0, FnV = 0
EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
FSC = 0x05: level 1 translation fault
Data abort info:
ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000005, ISS2 = 0x00000000
CM = 0, WnR = 0, TnD = 0, TagAccess = 0
GCS = 0, Overlay = 0, DirtyBit = 0, Xs = 0
[dfff800000000004] address between user and kernel address ranges
Internal error: Oops: 0000000096000005 [#1] PREEMPT SMP
Modules linked in:
CPU: 1 PID: 20274 Comm: syz-executor185 Not tainted 6.9.0-rc7-syzkaller-gfda5695d692c #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 03/27/2024
pstate: 80400005 (Nzcv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
pc : __block_commit_write+0x64/0x2b0 fs/buffer.c:2167
lr : __block_commit_write+0x3c/0x2b0 fs/buffer.c:2160
sp : ffff8000a1957600
x29: ffff8000a1957610 x28: dfff800000000000 x27: ffff0000e30e34b0
x26: 0000000000000000 x25: dfff800000000000 x24: dfff800000000000
x23: fffffdffc397c9e0 x22: 0000000000000020 x21: 0000000000000020
x20: 0000000000000040 x19: fffffdffc397c9c0 x18: 1fffe000367bd196
x17: ffff80008eead000 x16: ffff80008ae89e3c x15: 00000000200000c0
x14: 1fffe0001cbe4e04 x13: 0000000000000000 x12: 0000000000000000
x11: 0000000000000001 x10: 0000000000ff0100 x9 : 0000000000000000
x8 : 0000000000000004 x7 : 0000000000000000 x6 : 0000000000000000
x5 : fffffdffc397c9c0 x4 : 0000000000000020 x3 : 0000000000000020
x2 : 0000000000000040 x1 : 0000000000000020 x0 : fffffdffc397c9c0
Call trace:
__block_commit_write+0x64/0x2b0 fs/buffer.c:2167
block_write_end+0xb4/0x104 fs/buffer.c:2253
ext4_da_do_write_end fs/ext4/inode.c:2955 [inline]
ext4_da_write_end+0x2c4/0xa40 fs/ext4/inode.c:3028
generic_perform_write+0x394/0x588 mm/filemap.c:3985
ext4_buffered_write_iter+0x2c0/0x4ec fs/ext4/file.c:299
ext4_file_write_iter+0x188/0x1780
call_write_iter include/linux/fs.h:2110 [inline]
new_sync_write fs/read_write.c:497 [inline]
vfs_write+0x968/0xc3c fs/read_write.c:590
ksys_write+0x15c/0x26c fs/read_write.c:643
__do_sys_write fs/read_write.c:655 [inline]
__se_sys_write fs/read_write.c:652 [inline]
__arm64_sys_write+0x7c/0x90 fs/read_write.c:652
__invoke_syscall arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c:34 [inline]
invoke_syscall+0x98/0x2b8 arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c:48
el0_svc_common+0x130/0x23c arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c:133
do_el0_svc+0x48/0x58 arch/arm64/kernel/syscall.c:152
el0_svc+0x54/0x168 arch/arm64/kernel/entry-common.c:712
el0t_64_sync_handler+0x84/0xfc arch/arm64/kernel/entry-common.c:730
el0t_64_sync+0x190/0x194 arch/arm64/kernel/entry.S:598
Code: 97f85911 f94002da 91008356 d343fec8 (38796908)
---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
----------------
Code disassembly (best guess):
0: 97f85911 bl 0xffffffffffe16444
4: f94002da ldr x26, [x22]
8: 91008356 add x22, x26, #0x20
c: d343fec8 lsr x8, x22, #3
* 10: 38796908 ldrb w8, [x8, x25] <-- trapping instruction
Reported-by: syzbot+18df508cf00a0598d9a6@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Closes: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=18df508cf00a0598d9a6
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/000000000000f19a1406109eb5c5@google.com/T/
Signed-off-by: Wojciech Gładysz <wojciech.gladysz@infogain.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240703070112.10235-1-wojciech.gladysz@infogain.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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If the extended attribute size is not a multiple of block size, the last
block in the EA inode will have uninitialized tail which will get
written to disk. We will never expose the data to userspace but still
this is not a good practice so just zero out the tail of the block as it
isn't going to cause a noticeable performance overhead.
Fixes: e50e5129f384 ("ext4: xattr-in-inode support")
Reported-by: syzbot+9c1fe13fcb51574b249b@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Reported-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240613150234.25176-1-jack@suse.cz
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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When fast-commit needs to track ranges, it has to handle inodes that have
inlined data in a different way because ext4_fc_write_inode_data(), in the
actual commit path, will attempt to map the required blocks for the range.
However, inodes that have inlined data will have it's data stored in
inode->i_block and, eventually, in the extended attribute space.
Unfortunately, because fast commit doesn't currently support extended
attributes, the solution is to mark this commit as ineligible.
Link: https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=1039883
Signed-off-by: Luis Henriques (SUSE) <luis.henriques@linux.dev>
Tested-by: Ben Hutchings <benh@debian.org>
Fixes: 9725958bb75c ("ext4: fast commit may miss tracking unwritten range during ftruncate")
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240618144312.17786-1-luis.henriques@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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In the fast commit code there are a few places where tid_t variables are
being compared without taking into account the fact that these sequence
numbers may wrap. Fix this issue by using the helper functions tid_gt()
and tid_geq().
Signed-off-by: Luis Henriques (SUSE) <luis.henriques@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Harshad Shirwadkar <harshadshirwadkar@gmail.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240529092030.9557-3-luis.henriques@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Call helper function ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans() instead of open
coding it in __ext4_new_inode(). This helper checks both that the handle
is valid *and* that it hasn't been aborted due to some fatal error in the
journalling layer, using is_handle_aborted().
Signed-off-by: Luis Henriques (SUSE) <luis.henriques@linux.dev>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240527161447.21434-1-luis.henriques@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Fix the 'make W=1' warning:
WARNING: modpost: missing MODULE_DESCRIPTION() in fs/ext4/ext4-inode-test.o
Signed-off-by: Jeff Johnson <quic_jjohnson@quicinc.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240527-md-fs-ext4-v1-1-07aad5936bb1@quicinc.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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As with the other strings in struct ext4_super_block, s_volume_name is
not NUL terminated. The other strings were marked in commit 072ebb3bffe6
("ext4: add nonstring annotations to ext4.h"). Using strscpy() isn't
the right replacement for strncpy(); it should use memtostr_pad()
instead.
Reported-by: syzbot+50835f73143cc2905b9e@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/00000000000019f4c00619192c05@google.com/
Fixes: 744a56389f73 ("ext4: replace deprecated strncpy with alternatives")
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240523225408.work.904-kees@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Convert to new uid/gid option parsing helpers
Signed-off-by: Eric Sandeen <sandeen@redhat.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/a84be40d-5110-4dac-83b1-0ea8e043f0fd@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
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After calling the ext4_da_map_blocks(), a delalloc extent state could
be identified through the EXT4_MAP_DELAYED flag in map. So factor out
buffer_head related handles in ext4_da_map_blocks(), make this function
buffer_head unaware and becomes a common helper, and also update the
stale function commtents, preparing for the iomap da write path in the
future.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240517124005.347221-11-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Rename ext4_insert_delayed_block() to ext4_insert_delayed_blocks(),
pass length parameter to make it insert multiple delalloc blocks at a
time. For non-bigalloc case, just reserve len blocks and insert delalloc
extent. For bigalloc case, we can ensure that the clusters in the middle
of a extent must be unallocated, we only need to check whether the start
and end clusters are delayed/allocated. We should subtract the space for
the start and/or end block(s) if they are allocated.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240517124005.347221-10-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Factor out a common helper ext4_clu_alloc_state(), check whether the
cluster containing a delalloc block to be added has been allocated or
has delalloc reservation, no logic changes.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240517124005.347221-9-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Add 'nr_resv' parameter to ext4_da_reserve_space(), which indicates the
number of clusters wants to reserve, make it reserve multiple clusters
at a time.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240517124005.347221-8-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Rename ext4_es_insert_delayed_block() to ext4_es_insert_delayed_extent()
and pass length parameter to make it insert multiple delalloc blocks at
a time. For the case of bigalloc, split the allocated parameter to
lclu_allocated and end_allocated. lclu_allocated indicates the
allocation state of the cluster which is containing the lblk,
end_allocated indicates the allocation state of the extent end, clusters
in the middle of delay allocated extent must be unallocated.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240517124005.347221-7-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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The start block of the delalloc extent to be inserted is equal to
map->m_lblk, just drop the duplicate iblock input parameter.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani (IBM) <ritesh.list@gmail.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240517124005.347221-6-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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In ext4_da_map_blocks(), we could find four kind of extents in the
extent status tree: hole, unwritten, written and delayed extent. Now we
only trim the map len if we found an unwritten extent or a written
extent. This is okay now since map->m_len is always set to one and we
always insert one delayed block at a time. But this will become isn't
okay for other two cases if ext4_insert_delayed_block() and
ext4_da_map_blocks() support inserting multiple map->len blocks later.
1. If we found a hole in the extent status tree which es->es_len is
shorter than the length we want to write, we should trim the
map->m_len to prevent adding extra delay more blocks than we
expected. For example, assume we write data [A, C) to a file that
contains a hole extent [A, B) and a written extent [B, D) in the
cache.
A B C D
before da write: ...hhhhhh|wwwwww....
Then we will get extent [A, B), we should trim map->m_len to B-A
before inserting new delalloc blocks, if not, the range [B, C) will
be duplicated.
2. If we found a delayed extent in the extent status tree which
es->es_len is shorter than the length we want to write, we should
trim the map->m_len to es->es_len and return directly since the front
part of this map has been delayed, we can't insert the delalloc
extent that contains the latter part in this round, we should return
the delayed length and the caller should increase the position and
call ext4_da_map_blocks() again. For example, assume we write data
[A, C) to a file that contains a delayed extent [A, B) in the cache.
A B C
before da write: ...dddddd|hhh....
Then we will get delayed extent [A, B), we should also trim map->m_len
to B-A and return, if not, we will incorrectly assume that the write
is complete and won't insert [B, C).
So we need to always trim the map->m_len if the found es->es_len in the
extent status tree is shorter than the map->m_len, prearing for
inserting a extent with multiple delalloc blocks. This patch only does a
pre-fix, the handle is crude and ext4_da_map_blocks() deserve a cleanup,
we will do that later.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240517124005.347221-5-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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The per-inode i_reserved_data_blocks count the reserved delalloc blocks
in a regular file, it should be zero when destroying the file. The
per-fs s_dirtyclusters_counter count all reserved delalloc blocks in a
filesystem, it also should be zero when umounting the filesystem. Now we
have only an error message if the i_reserved_data_blocks is not zero,
which is unable to be simply captured, so add WARN_ON_ONCE to make it
more visable.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240517124005.347221-4-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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ext4_da_map_blocks looks up for any extent entry in the extent status
tree (w/o i_data_sem) and then the looks up for any ondisk extent
mapping (with i_data_sem in read mode).
If it finds a hole in the extent status tree or if it couldn't find any
entry at all, it then takes the i_data_sem in write mode to add a da
entry into the extent status tree. This can actually race with page
mkwrite & fallocate path.
Note that this is ok between
1. ext4 buffered-write path v/s ext4_page_mkwrite(), because of the
folio lock
2. ext4 buffered write path v/s ext4 fallocate because of the inode
lock.
But this can race between ext4_page_mkwrite() & ext4 fallocate path
ext4_page_mkwrite() ext4_fallocate()
block_page_mkwrite()
ext4_da_map_blocks()
//find hole in extent status tree
ext4_alloc_file_blocks()
ext4_map_blocks()
//allocate block and unwritten extent
ext4_insert_delayed_block()
ext4_da_reserve_space()
//reserve one more block
ext4_es_insert_delayed_block()
//drop unwritten extent and add delayed extent by mistake
Then, the delalloc extent is wrong until writeback and the extra
reserved block can't be released any more and it triggers below warning:
EXT4-fs (pmem2): Inode 13 (00000000bbbd4d23): i_reserved_data_blocks(1) not cleared!
Fix the problem by looking up extent status tree again while the
i_data_sem is held in write mode. If it still can't find any entry, then
we insert a new da entry into the extent status tree.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240517124005.347221-3-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Factor out a new common helper ext4_map_query_blocks() from the
ext4_da_map_blocks(), it query and return the extent map status on the
inode's extent path, no logic changes.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Ritesh Harjani (IBM) <ritesh.list@gmail.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240517124005.347221-2-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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When doing fast_commit replay an infinite loop may occur due to an
uninitialized extent_status struct. ext4_ext_determine_insert_hole() does
not detect the replay and calls ext4_es_find_extent_range(), which will
return immediately without initializing the 'es' variable.
Because 'es' contains garbage, an integer overflow may happen causing an
infinite loop in this function, easily reproducible using fstest generic/039.
This commit fixes this issue by unconditionally initializing the structure
in function ext4_es_find_extent_range().
Thanks to Zhang Yi, for figuring out the real problem!
Fixes: 8016e29f4362 ("ext4: fast commit recovery path")
Signed-off-by: Luis Henriques (SUSE) <luis.henriques@linux.dev>
Reviewed-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240515082857.32730-1-luis.henriques@linux.dev
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Syzbot has found an uninit-value bug in ext4_inlinedir_to_tree
This error happens because ext4_inlinedir_to_tree does not
handle the case when ext4fs_dirhash returns an error
This can be avoided by checking the return value of ext4fs_dirhash
and propagating the error,
similar to how it's done with ext4_htree_store_dirent
Signed-off-by: Xiaxi Shen <shenxiaxi26@gmail.com>
Reported-and-tested-by: syzbot+eaba5abe296837a640c0@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Closes: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=eaba5abe296837a640c0
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240501033017.220000-1-shenxiaxi26@gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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new_node is assigned first, so it does not need to initialize the
assignment.
Signed-off-by: Li zeming <zeming@nfschina.com>
Reviewed-by: Andreas Dilger <adilger@dilger.ca>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20240402022300.25858-1-zeming@nfschina.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Instead of a bunch of ifdefs, make the unicode built checks part of the
code flow where possible, as requested by Torvalds.
Signed-off-by: Gabriel Krisman Bertazi <krisman@collabora.com>
[eugen.hristev@collabora.com: port to 6.10-rc1]
Signed-off-by: Eugen Hristev <eugen.hristev@collabora.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240606073353.47130-7-eugen.hristev@collabora.com
Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Gabriel Krisman Bertazi <krisman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
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Instead of reimplementing ext4_match_ci, use the new libfs helper.
It also adds a comment explaining why fname->cf_name.name must be
checked prior to the encryption hash optimization, because that tripped
me before.
Signed-off-by: Gabriel Krisman Bertazi <krisman@collabora.com>
Signed-off-by: Eugen Hristev <eugen.hristev@collabora.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240606073353.47130-5-eugen.hristev@collabora.com
Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Gabriel Krisman Bertazi <krisman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
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Keeping it as qstr avoids the unnecessary conversion in ext4_match
Signed-off-by: Gabriel Krisman Bertazi <krisman@collabora.com>
[eugen.hristev@collabora.com: port to 6.10-rc1]
Signed-off-by: Eugen Hristev <eugen.hristev@collabora.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240606073353.47130-2-eugen.hristev@collabora.com
Reviewed-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Gabriel Krisman Bertazi <krisman@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs
Pull bdev bd_inode updates from Al Viro:
"Replacement of bdev->bd_inode with sane(r) set of primitives by me and
Yu Kuai"
* tag 'pull-bd_inode-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
RIP ->bd_inode
dasd_format(): killing the last remaining user of ->bd_inode
nilfs_attach_log_writer(): use ->bd_mapping->host instead of ->bd_inode
block/bdev.c: use the knowledge of inode/bdev coallocation
gfs2: more obvious initializations of mapping->host
fs/buffer.c: massage the remaining users of ->bd_inode to ->bd_mapping
blk_ioctl_{discard,zeroout}(): we only want ->bd_inode->i_mapping here...
grow_dev_folio(): we only want ->bd_inode->i_mapping there
use ->bd_mapping instead of ->bd_inode->i_mapping
block_device: add a pointer to struct address_space (page cache of bdev)
missing helpers: bdev_unhash(), bdev_drop()
block: move two helpers into bdev.c
block2mtd: prevent direct access of bd_inode
dm-vdo: use bdev_nr_bytes(bdev) instead of i_size_read(bdev->bd_inode)
blkdev_write_iter(): saner way to get inode and bdev
bcachefs: remove dead function bdev_sectors()
ext4: remove block_device_ejected()
erofs_buf: store address_space instead of inode
erofs: switch erofs_bread() to passing offset instead of block number
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs
Pull vfs blocksize updates from Al Viro:
"This gets rid of bogus set_blocksize() uses, switches it over
to be based on a 'struct file *' and verifies that the caller
has the device opened exclusively"
* tag 'pull-set_blocksize' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
make set_blocksize() fail unless block device is opened exclusive
set_blocksize(): switch to passing struct file *
btrfs_get_bdev_and_sb(): call set_blocksize() only for exclusive opens
swsusp: don't bother with setting block size
zram: don't bother with reopening - just use O_EXCL for open
swapon(2): open swap with O_EXCL
swapon(2)/swapoff(2): don't bother with block size
pktcdvd: sort set_blocksize() calls out
bcache_register(): don't bother with set_blocksize()
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4
Pull ext4 updates from Ted Ts'o:
- more folio conversion patches
- add support for FS_IOC_GETFSSYSFSPATH
- mballoc cleaups and add more kunit tests
- sysfs cleanups and bug fixes
- miscellaneous bug fixes and cleanups
* tag 'ext4_for_linus-6.10-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4: (40 commits)
ext4: fix error pointer dereference in ext4_mb_load_buddy_gfp()
jbd2: add prefix 'jbd2' for 'shrink_type'
jbd2: use shrink_type type instead of bool type for __jbd2_journal_clean_checkpoint_list()
ext4: fix uninitialized ratelimit_state->lock access in __ext4_fill_super()
ext4: remove calls to to set/clear the folio error flag
ext4: propagate errors from ext4_sb_bread() in ext4_xattr_block_cache_find()
ext4: fix mb_cache_entry's e_refcnt leak in ext4_xattr_block_cache_find()
jbd2: remove redundant assignement to variable err
ext4: remove the redundant folio_wait_stable()
ext4: fix potential unnitialized variable
ext4: convert ac_buddy_page to ac_buddy_folio
ext4: convert ac_bitmap_page to ac_bitmap_folio
ext4: convert ext4_mb_init_cache() to take a folio
ext4: convert bd_buddy_page to bd_buddy_folio
ext4: convert bd_bitmap_page to bd_bitmap_folio
ext4: open coding repeated check in next_linear_group
ext4: use correct criteria name instead stale integer number in comment
ext4: call ext4_mb_mark_free_simple to free continuous bits in found chunk
ext4: add test_mb_mark_used_cost to estimate cost of mb_mark_used
ext4: keep "prefetch_grp" and "nr" consistent
...
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This code calls folio_put() on an error pointer which will lead to a
crash. Check for both error pointers and NULL pointers before calling
folio_put().
Fixes: 5eea586b47f0 ("ext4: convert bd_buddy_page to bd_buddy_folio")
Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/eaafa1d9-a61c-4af4-9f97-d3ad72c60200@moroto.mountain
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vfs/vfs
Pull misc vfs updates from Christian Brauner:
"This contains the usual miscellaneous features, cleanups, and fixes
for vfs and individual fses.
Features:
- Free up FMODE_* bits. I've freed up bits 6, 7, 8, and 24. That
means we now have six free FMODE_* bits in total (but bit #6
already got used for FMODE_WRITE_RESTRICTED)
- Add FOP_HUGE_PAGES flag (follow-up to FMODE_* cleanup)
- Add fd_raw cleanup class so we can make use of automatic cleanup
provided by CLASS(fd_raw, f)(fd) for O_PATH fds as well
- Optimize seq_puts()
- Simplify __seq_puts()
- Add new anon_inode_getfile_fmode() api to allow specifying f_mode
instead of open-coding it in multiple places
- Annotate struct file_handle with __counted_by() and use
struct_size()
- Warn in get_file() whether f_count resurrection from zero is
attempted (epoll/drm discussion)
- Folio-sophize aio
- Export the subvolume id in statx() for both btrfs and bcachefs
- Relax linkat(AT_EMPTY_PATH) requirements
- Add F_DUPFD_QUERY fcntl() allowing to compare two file descriptors
for dup*() equality replacing kcmp()
Cleanups:
- Compile out swapfile inode checks when swap isn't enabled
- Use (1 << n) notation for FMODE_* bitshifts for clarity
- Remove redundant variable assignment in fs/direct-io
- Cleanup uses of strncpy in orangefs
- Speed up and cleanup writeback
- Move fsparam_string_empty() helper into header since it's currently
open-coded in multiple places
- Add kernel-doc comments to proc_create_net_data_write()
- Don't needlessly read dentry->d_flags twice
Fixes:
- Fix out-of-range warning in nilfs2
- Fix ecryptfs overflow due to wrong encryption packet size
calculation
- Fix overly long line in xfs file_operations (follow-up to FMODE_*
cleanup)
- Don't raise FOP_BUFFER_{R,W}ASYNC for directories in xfs (follow-up
to FMODE_* cleanup)
- Don't call xfs_file_open from xfs_dir_open (follow-up to FMODE_*
cleanup)
- Fix stable offset api to prevent endless loops
- Fix afs file server rotations
- Prevent xattr node from overflowing the eraseblock in jffs2
- Move fdinfo PTRACE_MODE_READ procfs check into the .permission()
operation instead of .open() operation since this caused userspace
regressions"
* tag 'vfs-6.10.misc' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vfs/vfs: (39 commits)
afs: Fix fileserver rotation getting stuck
selftests: add F_DUPDFD_QUERY selftests
fcntl: add F_DUPFD_QUERY fcntl()
file: add fd_raw cleanup class
fs: WARN when f_count resurrection is attempted
seq_file: Simplify __seq_puts()
seq_file: Optimize seq_puts()
proc: Move fdinfo PTRACE_MODE_READ check into the inode .permission operation
fs: Create anon_inode_getfile_fmode()
xfs: don't call xfs_file_open from xfs_dir_open
xfs: drop fop_flags for directories
xfs: fix overly long line in the file_operations
shmem: Fix shmem_rename2()
libfs: Add simple_offset_rename() API
libfs: Fix simple_offset_rename_exchange()
jffs2: prevent xattr node from overflowing the eraseblock
vfs, swap: compile out IS_SWAPFILE() on swapless configs
vfs: relax linkat() AT_EMPTY_PATH - aka flink() - requirements
fs/direct-io: remove redundant assignment to variable retval
fs/dcache: Re-use value stored to dentry->d_flags instead of re-reading
...
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In the following concurrency we will access the uninitialized rs->lock:
ext4_fill_super
ext4_register_sysfs
// sysfs registered msg_ratelimit_interval_ms
// Other processes modify rs->interval to
// non-zero via msg_ratelimit_interval_ms
ext4_orphan_cleanup
ext4_msg(sb, KERN_INFO, "Errors on filesystem, "
__ext4_msg
___ratelimit(&(EXT4_SB(sb)->s_msg_ratelimit_state)
if (!rs->interval) // do nothing if interval is 0
return 1;
raw_spin_trylock_irqsave(&rs->lock, flags)
raw_spin_trylock(lock)
_raw_spin_trylock
__raw_spin_trylock
spin_acquire(&lock->dep_map, 0, 1, _RET_IP_)
lock_acquire
__lock_acquire
register_lock_class
assign_lock_key
dump_stack();
ratelimit_state_init(&sbi->s_msg_ratelimit_state, 5 * HZ, 10);
raw_spin_lock_init(&rs->lock);
// init rs->lock here
and get the following dump_stack:
=========================================================
INFO: trying to register non-static key.
The code is fine but needs lockdep annotation, or maybe
you didn't initialize this object before use?
turning off the locking correctness validator.
CPU: 12 PID: 753 Comm: mount Tainted: G E 6.7.0-rc6-next-20231222 #504
[...]
Call Trace:
dump_stack_lvl+0xc5/0x170
dump_stack+0x18/0x30
register_lock_class+0x740/0x7c0
__lock_acquire+0x69/0x13a0
lock_acquire+0x120/0x450
_raw_spin_trylock+0x98/0xd0
___ratelimit+0xf6/0x220
__ext4_msg+0x7f/0x160 [ext4]
ext4_orphan_cleanup+0x665/0x740 [ext4]
__ext4_fill_super+0x21ea/0x2b10 [ext4]
ext4_fill_super+0x14d/0x360 [ext4]
[...]
=========================================================
Normally interval is 0 until s_msg_ratelimit_state is initialized, so
___ratelimit() does nothing. But registering sysfs precedes initializing
rs->lock, so it is possible to change rs->interval to a non-zero value
via the msg_ratelimit_interval_ms interface of sysfs while rs->lock is
uninitialized, and then a call to ext4_msg triggers the problem by
accessing an uninitialized rs->lock. Therefore register sysfs after all
initializations are complete to avoid such problems.
Signed-off-by: Baokun Li <libaokun1@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240102133730.1098120-1-libaokun1@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Nobody checks this flag on ext4 folios, stop setting and clearing it.
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Andreas Dilger <adilger.kernel@dilger.ca>
Cc: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240420025029.2166544-11-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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In ext4_xattr_block_cache_find(), when ext4_sb_bread() returns an error,
we will either continue to find the next ea block or return NULL to try to
insert a new ea block. But whether ext4_sb_bread() returns -EIO or -ENOMEM,
the next operation is most likely to fail with the same error. So propagate
the error returned by ext4_sb_bread() to make ext4_xattr_block_set() fail
to reduce pointless operations.
Signed-off-by: Baokun Li <libaokun1@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240504075526.2254349-3-libaokun@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Syzbot reports a warning as follows:
============================================
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 5075 at fs/mbcache.c:419 mb_cache_destroy+0x224/0x290
Modules linked in:
CPU: 0 PID: 5075 Comm: syz-executor199 Not tainted 6.9.0-rc6-gb947cc5bf6d7
RIP: 0010:mb_cache_destroy+0x224/0x290 fs/mbcache.c:419
Call Trace:
<TASK>
ext4_put_super+0x6d4/0xcd0 fs/ext4/super.c:1375
generic_shutdown_super+0x136/0x2d0 fs/super.c:641
kill_block_super+0x44/0x90 fs/super.c:1675
ext4_kill_sb+0x68/0xa0 fs/ext4/super.c:7327
[...]
============================================
This is because when finding an entry in ext4_xattr_block_cache_find(), if
ext4_sb_bread() returns -ENOMEM, the ce's e_refcnt, which has already grown
in the __entry_find(), won't be put away, and eventually trigger the above
issue in mb_cache_destroy() due to reference count leakage.
So call mb_cache_entry_put() on the -ENOMEM error branch as a quick fix.
Reported-by: syzbot+dd43bd0f7474512edc47@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Closes: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=dd43bd0f7474512edc47
Fixes: fb265c9cb49e ("ext4: add ext4_sb_bread() to disambiguate ENOMEM cases")
Cc: stable@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Baokun Li <libaokun1@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240504075526.2254349-2-libaokun@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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__filemap_get_folio() with FGP_WRITEBEGIN parameter has already wait
for stable folio, so remove the redundant folio_wait_stable() in
ext4_da_write_begin(), it was left over from the commit cc883236b792
("ext4: drop unnecessary journal handle in delalloc write") that
removed the retry getting page logic.
Fixes: cc883236b792 ("ext4: drop unnecessary journal handle in delalloc write")
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yi <yi.zhang@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240419023005.2719050-1-yi.zhang@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Smatch complains "err" can be uninitialized in the caller.
fs/ext4/indirect.c:349 ext4_alloc_branch()
error: uninitialized symbol 'err'.
Set the error to zero on the success path.
Fixes: 8016e29f4362 ("ext4: fast commit recovery path")
Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/363a4673-0fb8-4adf-b4fb-90a499077276@moroto.mountain
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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This just carries around the bd_buddy_folio so should also be a folio.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240416172900.244637-6-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
|
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This just carries around the bd_bitmap_folio so should also be a folio.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240416172900.244637-5-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
|
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All callers now have a folio, so convert this function from operating on
a page to operating on a folio. The folio is assumed to be a single page.
Signe-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240416172900.244637-4-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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There is no need to make this a multi-page folio, so leave all the
infrastructure around it in pages. But since we're locking it, playing
with its refcount and checking whether it's uptodate, it needs to move
to the folio API.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240416172900.244637-3-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
|
|
There is no need to make this a multi-page folio, so leave all the
infrastructure around it in pages. But since we're locking it, playing
with its refcount and checking whether it's uptodate, it needs to move
to the folio API.
Signed-off-by: Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240416172900.244637-2-willy@infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
|
|
Just the low-hanging fruit...
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240411145346.2516848-2-viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
|
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block_device_ejected() is added by commit bdfe0cbd746a ("Revert
"ext4: remove block_device_ejected"") in 2015. At that time 'bdi->wb'
is destroyed synchronized from del_gendisk(), hence if ext4 is still
mounted, and then mark_buffer_dirty() will reference destroyed 'wb'.
However, such problem doesn't exist anymore:
- commit d03f6cdc1fc4 ("block: Dynamically allocate and refcount
backing_dev_info") switch bdi to use refcounting;
- commit 13eec2363ef0 ("fs: Get proper reference for s_bdi"), will grab
additional reference of bdi while mounting, so that 'bdi->wb' will not
be destroyed until generic_shutdown_super().
Hence remove this dead function block_device_ejected().
Signed-off-by: Yu Kuai <yukuai3@huawei.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240411145346.2516848-7-viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
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Open coding repeated check in next_linear_group.
Signed-off-by: Kemeng Shi <shikemeng@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240424061904.987525-6-shikemeng@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Use correct criteria name instead stale integer number in comment
Signed-off-by: Kemeng Shi <shikemeng@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Ojaswin Mujoo <ojaswin@linux.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240424061904.987525-5-shikemeng@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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In mb_mark_used, we will find free chunk and mark it inuse. For chunk
in mid of passed range, we could simply mark whole chunk inuse. For chunk
at end of range, we may need to mark a continuous bits at end of part of
chunk inuse and keep rest part of chunk free. To only mark a part of
chunk inuse, we firstly mark whole chunk inuse and then mark a continuous
range at end of chunk free.
Function mb_mark_used does several times of "mb_find_buddy; mb_clear_bit;
..." to mark a continuous range free which can be done by simply calling
ext4_mb_mark_free_simple which free continuous bits in a more effective
way.
Just call ext4_mb_mark_free_simple in mb_mark_used to use existing and
effective code to free continuous blocks in chunk at end of passed range.
Signed-off-by: Kemeng Shi <shikemeng@huaweicloud.com>
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240424061904.987525-4-shikemeng@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
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Add test_mb_mark_used_cost to estimate cost of mb_mark_used
Signed-off-by: Kemeng Shi <shikemeng@huaweicloud.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240424061904.987525-3-shikemeng@huaweicloud.com
Signed-off-by: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
|
