diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html | 34 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt | 8 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/RCU/trace.txt | 535 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 41 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/core-api/atomic_ops.rst | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/dev-tools/sparse.rst | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/kernel-per-CPU-kthreads.txt | 31 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/memory-barriers.txt | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/timers/NO_HZ.txt | 29 |
10 files changed, 79 insertions, 614 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX b/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX index 1672573b037a..f46980c060aa 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX +++ b/Documentation/RCU/00-INDEX @@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ stallwarn.txt - RCU CPU stall warnings (module parameter rcu_cpu_stall_suppress) torture.txt - RCU Torture Test Operation (CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST) -trace.txt - - CONFIG_RCU_TRACE debugfs files and formats UP.txt - RCU on Uniprocessor Systems whatisRCU.txt diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html index f60adf112663..95b30fa25d56 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html +++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Requirements/Requirements.html @@ -559,9 +559,7 @@ The <tt>rcu_access_pointer()</tt> on line 6 is similar to For <tt>remove_gp_synchronous()</tt>, as long as all modifications to <tt>gp</tt> are carried out while holding <tt>gp_lock</tt>, the above optimizations are harmless. - However, - with <tt>CONFIG_SPARSE_RCU_POINTER=y</tt>, - <tt>sparse</tt> will complain if you + However, <tt>sparse</tt> will complain if you define <tt>gp</tt> with <tt>__rcu</tt> and then access it without using either <tt>rcu_access_pointer()</tt> or <tt>rcu_dereference()</tt>. @@ -1849,7 +1847,8 @@ mass storage, or user patience, whichever comes first. If the nesting is not visible to the compiler, as is the case with mutually recursive functions each in its own translation unit, stack overflow will result. -If the nesting takes the form of loops, either the control variable +If the nesting takes the form of loops, perhaps in the guise of tail +recursion, either the control variable will overflow or (in the Linux kernel) you will get an RCU CPU stall warning. Nevertheless, this class of RCU implementations is one of the most composable constructs in existence. @@ -1977,9 +1976,8 @@ guard against mishaps and misuse: and <tt>rcu_dereference()</tt>, perhaps (incorrectly) substituting a simple assignment. To catch this sort of error, a given RCU-protected pointer may be - tagged with <tt>__rcu</tt>, after which running sparse - with <tt>CONFIG_SPARSE_RCU_POINTER=y</tt> will complain - about simple-assignment accesses to that pointer. + tagged with <tt>__rcu</tt>, after which sparse + will complain about simple-assignment accesses to that pointer. Arnd Bergmann made me aware of this requirement, and also supplied the needed <a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/376011/">patch series</a>. @@ -2036,7 +2034,7 @@ guard against mishaps and misuse: some other synchronization mechanism, for example, reference counting. <li> In kernels built with <tt>CONFIG_RCU_TRACE=y</tt>, RCU-related - information is provided via both debugfs and event tracing. + information is provided via event tracing. <li> Open-coded use of <tt>rcu_assign_pointer()</tt> and <tt>rcu_dereference()</tt> to create typical linked data structures can be surprisingly error-prone. @@ -2519,11 +2517,7 @@ It is similarly socially unacceptable to interrupt an <tt>nohz_full</tt> CPU running in userspace. RCU must therefore track <tt>nohz_full</tt> userspace execution. -And in -<a href="https://lwn.net/Articles/558284/"><tt>CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL_SYSIDLE=y</tt></a> -kernels, RCU must separately track idle CPUs on the one hand and -CPUs that are either idle or executing in userspace on the other. -In both cases, RCU must be able to sample state at two points in +RCU must therefore be able to sample state at two points in time, and be able to determine whether or not some other CPU spent any time idle and/or executing in userspace. @@ -2936,6 +2930,20 @@ to whether or not a CPU is online, which means that <tt>srcu_barrier()</tt> need not exclude CPU-hotplug operations. <p> +SRCU also differs from other RCU flavors in that SRCU's expedited and +non-expedited grace periods are implemented by the same mechanism. +This means that in the current SRCU implementation, expediting a +future grace period has the side effect of expediting all prior +grace periods that have not yet completed. +(But please note that this is a property of the current implementation, +not necessarily of future implementations.) +In addition, if SRCU has been idle for longer than the interval +specified by the <tt>srcutree.exp_holdoff</tt> kernel boot parameter +(25 microseconds by default), +and if a <tt>synchronize_srcu()</tt> invocation ends this idle period, +that invocation will be automatically expedited. + +<p> As of v4.12, SRCU's callbacks are maintained per-CPU, eliminating a locking bottleneck present in prior kernel versions. Although this will allow users to put much heavier stress on diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt index 877947130ebe..6beda556faf3 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt @@ -413,11 +413,11 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! read-side critical sections. It is the responsibility of the RCU update-side primitives to deal with this. -17. Use CONFIG_PROVE_RCU, CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS_RCU_HEAD, and the - __rcu sparse checks (enabled by CONFIG_SPARSE_RCU_POINTER) to - validate your RCU code. These can help find problems as follows: +17. Use CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING, CONFIG_DEBUG_OBJECTS_RCU_HEAD, and the + __rcu sparse checks to validate your RCU code. These can help + find problems as follows: - CONFIG_PROVE_RCU: check that accesses to RCU-protected data + CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING: check that accesses to RCU-protected data structures are carried out under the proper RCU read-side critical section, while holding the right combination of locks, or whatever other conditions diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/trace.txt b/Documentation/RCU/trace.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 6549012033f9..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/RCU/trace.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,535 +0,0 @@ -CONFIG_RCU_TRACE debugfs Files and Formats - - -The rcutree and rcutiny implementations of RCU provide debugfs trace -output that summarizes counters and state. This information is useful for -debugging RCU itself, and can sometimes also help to debug abuses of RCU. -The following sections describe the debugfs files and formats, first -for rcutree and next for rcutiny. - - -CONFIG_TREE_RCU and CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU debugfs Files and Formats - -These implementations of RCU provide several debugfs directories under the -top-level directory "rcu": - -rcu/rcu_bh -rcu/rcu_preempt -rcu/rcu_sched - -Each directory contains files for the corresponding flavor of RCU. -Note that rcu/rcu_preempt is only present for CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU. -For CONFIG_TREE_RCU, the RCU flavor maps onto the RCU-sched flavor, -so that activity for both appears in rcu/rcu_sched. - -In addition, the following file appears in the top-level directory: -rcu/rcutorture. This file displays rcutorture test progress. The output -of "cat rcu/rcutorture" looks as follows: - -rcutorture test sequence: 0 (test in progress) -rcutorture update version number: 615 - -The first line shows the number of rcutorture tests that have completed -since boot. If a test is currently running, the "(test in progress)" -string will appear as shown above. The second line shows the number of -update cycles that the current test has started, or zero if there is -no test in progress. - - -Within each flavor directory (rcu/rcu_bh, rcu/rcu_sched, and possibly -also rcu/rcu_preempt) the following files will be present: - -rcudata: - Displays fields in struct rcu_data. -rcuexp: - Displays statistics for expedited grace periods. -rcugp: - Displays grace-period counters. -rcuhier: - Displays the struct rcu_node hierarchy. -rcu_pending: - Displays counts of the reasons rcu_pending() decided that RCU had - work to do. -rcuboost: - Displays RCU boosting statistics. Only present if - CONFIG_RCU_BOOST=y. - -The output of "cat rcu/rcu_preempt/rcudata" looks as follows: - - 0!c=30455 g=30456 cnq=1/0:1 dt=126535/140000000000000/0 df=2002 of=4 ql=0/0 qs=N... b=10 ci=74572 nci=0 co=1131 ca=716 - 1!c=30719 g=30720 cnq=1/0:0 dt=132007/140000000000000/0 df=1874 of=10 ql=0/0 qs=N... b=10 ci=123209 nci=0 co=685 ca=982 - 2!c=30150 g=30151 cnq=1/1:1 dt=138537/140000000000000/0 df=1707 of=8 ql=0/0 qs=N... b=10 ci=80132 nci=0 co=1328 ca=1458 - 3 c=31249 g=31250 cnq=1/1:0 dt=107255/140000000000000/0 df=1749 of=6 ql=0/450 qs=NRW. b=10 ci=151700 nci=0 co=509 ca=622 - 4!c=29502 g=29503 cnq=1/0:1 dt=83647/140000000000000/0 df=965 of=5 ql=0/0 qs=N... b=10 ci=65643 nci=0 co=1373 ca=1521 - 5 c=31201 g=31202 cnq=1/0:1 dt=70422/0/0 df=535 of=7 ql=0/0 qs=.... b=10 ci=58500 nci=0 co=764 ca=698 - 6!c=30253 g=30254 cnq=1/0:1 dt=95363/140000000000000/0 df=780 of=5 ql=0/0 qs=N... b=10 ci=100607 nci=0 co=1414 ca=1353 - 7 c=31178 g=31178 cnq=1/0:0 dt=91536/0/0 df=547 of=4 ql=0/0 qs=.... b=10 ci=109819 nci=0 co=1115 ca=969 - -This file has one line per CPU, or eight for this 8-CPU system. -The fields are as follows: - -o The number at the beginning of each line is the CPU number. - CPUs numbers followed by an exclamation mark are offline, - but have been online at least once since boot. There will be - no output for CPUs that have never been online, which can be - a good thing in the surprisingly common case where NR_CPUS is - substantially larger than the number of actual CPUs. - -o "c" is the count of grace periods that this CPU believes have - completed. Offlined CPUs and CPUs in dynticks idle mode may lag - quite a ways behind, for example, CPU 4 under "rcu_sched" above, - which has been offline through 16 RCU grace periods. It is not - unusual to see offline CPUs lagging by thousands of grace periods. - Note that although the grace-period number is an unsigned long, - it is printed out as a signed long to allow more human-friendly - representation near boot time. - -o "g" is the count of grace periods that this CPU believes have - started. Again, offlined CPUs and CPUs in dynticks idle mode - may lag behind. If the "c" and "g" values are equal, this CPU - has already reported a quiescent state for the last RCU grace - period that it is aware of, otherwise, the CPU believes that it - owes RCU a quiescent state. - -o "pq" indicates that this CPU has passed through a quiescent state - for the current grace period. It is possible for "pq" to be - "1" and "c" different than "g", which indicates that although - the CPU has passed through a quiescent state, either (1) this - CPU has not yet reported that fact, (2) some other CPU has not - yet reported for this grace period, or (3) both. - -o "qp" indicates that RCU still expects a quiescent state from - this CPU. Offlined CPUs and CPUs in dyntick idle mode might - well have qp=1, which is OK: RCU is still ignoring them. - -o "dt" is the current value of the dyntick counter that is incremented - when entering or leaving idle, either due to a context switch or - due to an interrupt. This number is even if the CPU is in idle - from RCU's viewpoint and odd otherwise. The number after the - first "/" is the interrupt nesting depth when in idle state, - or a large number added to the interrupt-nesting depth when - running a non-idle task. Some architectures do not accurately - count interrupt nesting when running in non-idle kernel context, - which can result in interesting anomalies such as negative - interrupt-nesting levels. The number after the second "/" - is the NMI nesting depth. - -o "df" is the number of times that some other CPU has forced a - quiescent state on behalf of this CPU due to this CPU being in - idle state. - -o "of" is the number of times that some other CPU has forced a - quiescent state on behalf of this CPU due to this CPU being - offline. In a perfect world, this might never happen, but it - turns out that offlining and onlining a CPU can take several grace - periods, and so there is likely to be an extended period of time - when RCU believes that the CPU is online when it really is not. - Please note that erring in the other direction (RCU believing a - CPU is offline when it is really alive and kicking) is a fatal - error, so it makes sense to err conservatively. - -o "ql" is the number of RCU callbacks currently residing on - this CPU. The first number is the number of "lazy" callbacks - that are known to RCU to only be freeing memory, and the number - after the "/" is the total number of callbacks, lazy or not. - These counters count callbacks regardless of what phase of - grace-period processing that they are in (new, waiting for - grace period to start, waiting for grace period to end, ready - to invoke). - -o "qs" gives an indication of the state of the callback queue - with four characters: - - "N" Indicates that there are callbacks queued that are not - ready to be handled by the next grace period, and thus - will be handled by the grace period following the next - one. - - "R" Indicates that there are callbacks queued that are - ready to be handled by the next grace period. - - "W" Indicates that there are callbacks queued that are - waiting on the current grace period. - - "D" Indicates that there are callbacks queued that have - already been handled by a prior grace period, and are - thus waiting to be invoked. Note that callbacks in - the process of being invoked are not counted here. - Callbacks in the process of being invoked are those - that have been removed from the rcu_data structures - queues by rcu_do_batch(), but which have not yet been - invoked. - - If there are no callbacks in a given one of the above states, - the corresponding character is replaced by ".". - -o "b" is the batch limit for this CPU. If more than this number - of RCU callbacks is ready to invoke, then the remainder will - be deferred. - -o "ci" is the number of RCU callbacks that have been invoked for - this CPU. Note that ci+nci+ql is the number of callbacks that have - been registered in absence of CPU-hotplug activity. - -o "nci" is the number of RCU callbacks that have been offloaded from - this CPU. This will always be zero unless the kernel was built - with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y and the "rcu_nocbs=" kernel boot - parameter was specified. - -o "co" is the number of RCU callbacks that have been orphaned due to - this CPU going offline. These orphaned callbacks have been moved - to an arbitrarily chosen online CPU. - -o "ca" is the number of RCU callbacks that have been adopted by this - CPU due to other CPUs going offline. Note that ci+co-ca+ql is - the number of RCU callbacks registered on this CPU. - - -Kernels compiled with CONFIG_RCU_BOOST=y display the following from -/debug/rcu/rcu_preempt/rcudata: - - 0!c=12865 g=12866 cnq=1/0:1 dt=83113/140000000000000/0 df=288 of=11 ql=0/0 qs=N... kt=0/O ktl=944 b=10 ci=60709 nci=0 co=748 ca=871 - 1 c=14407 g=14408 cnq=1/0:0 dt=100679/140000000000000/0 df=378 of=7 ql=0/119 qs=NRW. kt=0/W ktl=9b6 b=10 ci=109740 nci=0 co=589 ca=485 - 2 c=14407 g=14408 cnq=1/0:0 dt=105486/0/0 df=90 of=9 ql=0/89 qs=NRW. kt=0/W ktl=c0c b=10 ci=83113 nci=0 co=533 ca=490 - 3 c=14407 g=14408 cnq=1/0:0 dt=107138/0/0 df=142 of=8 ql=0/188 qs=NRW. kt=0/W ktl=b96 b=10 ci=121114 nci=0 co=426 ca=290 - 4 c=14405 g=14406 cnq=1/0:1 dt=50238/0/0 df=706 of=7 ql=0/0 qs=.... kt=0/W ktl=812 b=10 ci=34929 nci=0 co=643 ca=114 - 5!c=14168 g=14169 cnq=1/0:0 dt=45465/140000000000000/0 df=161 of=11 ql=0/0 qs=N... kt=0/O ktl=b4d b=10 ci=47712 nci=0 co=677 ca=722 - 6 c=14404 g=14405 cnq=1/0:0 dt=59454/0/0 df=94 of=6 ql=0/0 qs=.... kt=0/W ktl=e57 b=10 ci=55597 nci=0 co=701 ca=811 - 7 c=14407 g=14408 cnq=1/0:1 dt=68850/0/0 df=31 of=8 ql=0/0 qs=.... kt=0/W ktl=14bd b=10 ci=77475 nci=0 co=508 ca=1042 - -This is similar to the output discussed above, but contains the following -additional fields: - -o "kt" is the per-CPU kernel-thread state. The digit preceding - the first slash is zero if there is no work pending and 1 - otherwise. The character between the first pair of slashes is - as follows: - - "S" The kernel thread is stopped, in other words, all - CPUs corresponding to this rcu_node structure are - offline. - - "R" The kernel thread is running. - - "W" The kernel thread is waiting because there is no work - for it to do. - - "O" The kernel thread is waiting because it has been - forced off of its designated CPU or because its - ->cpus_allowed mask permits it to run on other than - its designated CPU. - - "Y" The kernel thread is yielding to avoid hogging CPU. - - "?" Unknown value, indicates a bug. - - The number after the final slash is the CPU that the kthread - is actually running on. - - This field is displayed only for CONFIG_RCU_BOOST kernels. - -o "ktl" is the low-order 16 bits (in hexadecimal) of the count of - the number of times that this CPU's per-CPU kthread has gone - through its loop servicing invoke_rcu_cpu_kthread() requests. - - This field is displayed only for CONFIG_RCU_BOOST kernels. - - -The output of "cat rcu/rcu_preempt/rcuexp" looks as follows: - -s=21872 wd1=0 wd2=0 wd3=5 enq=0 sc=21872 - -These fields are as follows: - -o "s" is the sequence number, with an odd number indicating that - an expedited grace period is in progress. - -o "wd1", "wd2", and "wd3" are the number of times that an attempt - to start an expedited grace period found that someone else had - completed an expedited grace period that satisfies the attempted - request. "Our work is done." - -o "enq" is the number of quiescent states still outstanding. - -o "sc" is the number of times that the attempt to start a - new expedited grace period succeeded. - - -The output of "cat rcu/rcu_preempt/rcugp" looks as follows: - -completed=31249 gpnum=31250 age=1 max=18 - -These fields are taken from the rcu_state structure, and are as follows: - -o "completed" is the number of grace periods that have completed. - It is comparable to the "c" field from rcu/rcudata in that a - CPU whose "c" field matches the value of "completed" is aware - that the corresponding RCU grace period has completed. - -o "gpnum" is the number of grace periods that have started. It is - similarly comparable to the "g" field from rcu/rcudata in that - a CPU whose "g" field matches the value of "gpnum" is aware that - the corresponding RCU grace period has started. - - If these two fields are equal, then there is no grace period - in progress, in other words, RCU is idle. On the other hand, - if the two fields differ (as they are above), then an RCU grace - period is in progress. - -o "age" is the number of jiffies that the current grace period - has extended for, or zero if there is no grace period currently - in effect. - -o "max" is the age in jiffies of the longest-duration grace period - thus far. - -The output of "cat rcu/rcu_preempt/rcuhier" looks as follows: - -c=14407 g=14408 s=0 jfq=2 j=c863 nfqs=12040/nfqsng=0(12040) fqlh=1051 oqlen=0/0 -3/3 ..>. 0:7 ^0 -e/e ..>. 0:3 ^0 d/d ..>. 4:7 ^1 - -The fields are as follows: - -o "c" is exactly the same as "completed" under rcu/rcu_preempt/rcugp. - -o "g" is exactly the same as "gpnum" under rcu/rcu_preempt/rcugp. - -o "s" is the current state of the force_quiescent_state() - state machine. - -o "jfq" is the number of jiffies remaining for this grace period - before force_quiescent_state() is invoked to help push things - along. Note that CPUs in idle mode throughout the grace period - will not report on their own, but rather must be check by some - other CPU via force_quiescent_state(). - -o "j" is the low-order four hex digits of the jiffies counter. - Yes, Paul did run into a number of problems that turned out to - be due to the jiffies counter no longer counting. Why do you ask? - -o "nfqs" is the number of calls to force_quiescent_state() since - boot. - -o "nfqsng" is the number of useless calls to force_quiescent_state(), - where there wasn't actually a grace period active. This can - no longer happen due to grace-period processing being pushed - into a kthread. The number in parentheses is the difference - between "nfqs" and "nfqsng", or the number of times that - force_quiescent_state() actually did some real work. - -o "fqlh" is the number of calls to force_quiescent_state() that - exited immediately (without even being counted in nfqs above) - due to contention on ->fqslock. - -o Each element of the form "3/3 ..>. 0:7 ^0" represents one rcu_node - structure. Each line represents one level of the hierarchy, - from root to leaves. It is best to think of the rcu_data - structures as forming yet another level after the leaves. - Note that there might be either one, two, three, or even four - levels of rcu_node structures, depending on the relationship - between CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT, CONFIG_RCU_FANOUT_LEAF (possibly - adjusted using the rcu_fanout_leaf kernel boot parameter), and - CONFIG_NR_CPUS (possibly adjusted using the nr_cpu_ids count of - possible CPUs for the booting hardware). - - o The numbers separated by the "/" are the qsmask followed - by the qsmaskinit. The qsmask will have one bit - set for each entity in the next lower level that has - not yet checked in for the current grace period ("e" - indicating CPUs 5, 6, and 7 in the example above). - The qsmaskinit will have one bit for each entity that is - currently expected to check in during each grace period. - The value of qsmaskinit is assigned to that of qsmask - at the beginning of each grace period. - - o The characters separated by the ">" indicate the state - of the blocked-tasks lists. A "G" preceding the ">" - indicates that at least one task blocked in an RCU - read-side critical section blocks the current grace - period, while a "E" preceding the ">" indicates that - at least one task blocked in an RCU read-side critical - section blocks the current expedited grace period. - A "T" character following the ">" indicates that at - least one task is blocked within an RCU read-side - critical section, regardless of whether any current - grace period (expedited or normal) is inconvenienced. - A "." character appears if the corresponding condition - does not hold, so that "..>." indicates that no tasks - are blocked. In contrast, "GE>T" indicates maximal - inconvenience from blocked tasks. CONFIG_TREE_RCU - builds of the kernel will always show "..>.". - - o The numbers separated by the ":" are the range of CPUs - served by this struct rcu_node. This can be helpful - in working out how the hierarchy is wired together. - - For example, the example rcu_node structure shown above - has "0:7", indicating that it covers CPUs 0 through 7. - - o The number after the "^" indicates the bit in the - next higher level rcu_node structure that this rcu_node - structure corresponds to. For example, the "d/d ..>. 4:7 - ^1" has a "1" in this position, indicating that it - corresponds to the "1" bit in the "3" shown in the - "3/3 ..>. 0:7 ^0" entry on the next level up. - - -The output of "cat rcu/rcu_sched/rcu_pending" looks as follows: - - 0!np=26111 qsp=29 rpq=5386 cbr=1 cng=570 gpc=3674 gps=577 nn=15903 ndw=0 - 1!np=28913 qsp=35 rpq=6097 cbr=1 cng=448 gpc=3700 gps=554 nn=18113 ndw=0 - 2!np=32740 qsp=37 rpq=6202 cbr=0 cng=476 gpc=4627 gps=546 nn=20889 ndw=0 - 3 np=23679 qsp=22 rpq=5044 cbr=1 cng=415 gpc=3403 gps=347 nn=14469 ndw=0 - 4!np=30714 qsp=4 rpq=5574 cbr=0 cng=528 gpc=3931 gps=639 nn=20042 ndw=0 - 5 np=28910 qsp=2 rpq=5246 cbr=0 cng=428 gpc=4105 gps=709 nn=18422 ndw=0 - 6!np=38648 qsp=5 rpq=7076 cbr=0 cng=840 gpc=4072 gps=961 nn=25699 ndw=0 - 7 np=37275 qsp=2 rpq=6873 cbr=0 cng=868 gpc=3416 gps=971 nn=25147 ndw=0 - -The fields are as follows: - -o The leading number is the CPU number, with "!" indicating - an offline CPU. - -o "np" is the number of times that __rcu_pending() has been invoked - for the corresponding flavor of RCU. - -o "qsp" is the number of times that the RCU was waiting for a - quiescent state from this CPU. - -o "rpq" is the number of times that the CPU had passed through - a quiescent state, but not yet reported it to RCU. - -o "cbr" is the number of times that this CPU had RCU callbacks - that had passed through a grace period, and were thus ready - to be invoked. - -o "cng" is the number of times that this CPU needed another - grace period while RCU was idle. - -o "gpc" is the number of times that an old grace period had - completed, but this CPU was not yet aware of it. - -o "gps" is the number of times that a new grace period had started, - but this CPU was not yet aware of it. - -o "ndw" is the number of times that a wakeup of an rcuo - callback-offload kthread had to be deferred in order to avoid - deadlock. - -o "nn" is the number of times that this CPU needed nothing. - - -The output of "cat rcu/rcuboost" looks as follows: - -0:3 tasks=.... kt=W ntb=0 neb=0 nnb=0 j=c864 bt=c894 - balk: nt=0 egt=4695 bt=0 nb=0 ny=56 nos=0 -4:7 tasks=.... kt=W ntb=0 neb=0 nnb=0 j=c864 bt=c894 - balk: nt=0 egt=6541 bt=0 nb=0 ny=126 nos=0 - -This information is output only for rcu_preempt. Each two-line entry -corresponds to a leaf rcu_node structure. The fields are as follows: - -o "n:m" is the CPU-number range for the corresponding two-line - entry. In the sample output above, the first entry covers - CPUs zero through three and the second entry covers CPUs four - through seven. - -o "tasks=TNEB" gives the state of the various segments of the - rnp->blocked_tasks list: - - "T" This indicates that there are some tasks that blocked - while running on one of the corresponding CPUs while - in an RCU read-side critical section. - - "N" This indicates that some of the blocked tasks are preventing - the current normal (non-expedited) grace period from - completing. - - "E" This indicates that some of the blocked tasks are preventing - the current expedited grace period from completing. - - "B" This indicates that some of the blocked tasks are in - need of RCU priority boosting. - - Each character is replaced with "." if the corresponding - condition does not hold. - -o "kt" is the state of the RCU priority-boosting kernel - thread associated with the corresponding rcu_node structure. - The state can be one of the following: - - "S" The kernel thread is stopped, in other words, all - CPUs corresponding to this rcu_node structure are - offline. - - "R" The kernel thread is running. - - "W" The kernel thread is waiting because there is no work - for it to do. - - "Y" The kernel thread is yielding to avoid hogging CPU. - - "?" Unknown value, indicates a bug. - -o "ntb" is the number of tasks boosted. - -o "neb" is the number of tasks boosted in order to complete an - expedited grace period. - -o "nnb" is the number of tasks boosted in order to complete a - normal (non-expedited) grace period. When boosting a task - that was blocking both an expedited and a normal grace period, - it is counted against the expedited total above. - -o "j" is the low-order 16 bits of the jiffies counter in - hexadecimal. - -o "bt" is the low-order 16 bits of the value that the jiffies - counter will have when we next start boosting, assuming that - the current grace period does not end beforehand. This is - also in hexadecimal. - -o "balk: nt" counts the number of times we didn't boost (in - other words, we balked) even though it was time to boost because - there were no blocked tasks to boost. This situation occurs - when there is one blocked task on one rcu_node structure and - none on some other rcu_node structure. - -o "egt" counts the number of times we balked because although - there were blocked tasks, none of them were blocking the - current grace period, whether expedited or otherwise. - -o "bt" counts the number of times we balked because boosting - had already been initiated for the current grace period. - -o "nb" counts the number of times we balked because there - was at least one task blocking the current non-expedited grace - period that never had blocked. If it is already running, it - just won't help to boost its priority! - -o "ny" counts the number of times we balked because it was - not yet time to start boosting. - -o "nos" counts the number of times we balked for other - reasons, e.g., the grace period ended first. - - -CONFIG_TINY_RCU debugfs Files and Formats - -These implementations of RCU provides a single debugfs file under the -top-level directory RCU, namely rcu/rcudata, which displays fields in -rcu_bh_ctrlblk and rcu_sched_ctrlblk. - -The output of "cat rcu/rcudata" is as follows: - -rcu_sched: qlen: 0 -rcu_bh: qlen: 0 - -This is split into rcu_sched and rcu_bh sections. The field is as -follows: - -o "qlen" is the number of RCU callbacks currently waiting either - for an RCU grace period or waiting to be invoked. This is the - only field present for rcu_sched and rcu_bh, due to the - short-circuiting of grace period in those two cases. diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt index 7737ab5d04b2..f59aad5c2270 100644 --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt @@ -3238,21 +3238,17 @@ rcutree.gp_cleanup_delay= [KNL] Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of - RCU grace-period cleanup. This only has effect - when CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_SLOW_CLEANUP is set. + RCU grace-period cleanup. rcutree.gp_init_delay= [KNL] Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of - RCU grace-period initialization. This only has - effect when CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_SLOW_INIT - is set. + RCU grace-period initialization. rcutree.gp_preinit_delay= [KNL] Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of RCU grace-period pre-initialization, that is, the propagation of recent CPU-hotplug changes up - the rcu_node combining tree. This only has effect - when CONFIG_RCU_TORTURE_TEST_SLOW_PREINIT is set. + the rcu_node combining tree. rcutree.rcu_fanout_exact= [KNL] Disable autobalancing of the rcu_node combining @@ -3328,6 +3324,17 @@ This wake_up() will be accompanied by a WARN_ONCE() splat and an ftrace_dump(). + rcuperf.gp_async= [KNL] + Measure performance of asynchronous + grace-period primitives such as call_rcu(). + + rcuperf.gp_async_max= [KNL] + Specify the maximum number of outstanding + callbacks per writer thread. When a writer + thread exceeds this limit, it invokes the + corresponding flavor of rcu_barrier() to allow + previously posted callbacks to drain. + rcuperf.gp_exp= [KNL] Measure performance of expedited synchronous grace-period primitives. @@ -3355,17 +3362,22 @@ rcuperf.perf_runnable= [BOOT] Start rcuperf running at boot time. + rcuperf.perf_type= [KNL] + Specify the RCU implementation to test. + rcuperf.shutdown= [KNL] Shut the system down after performance tests complete. This is useful for hands-off automated testing. - rcuperf.perf_type= [KNL] - Specify the RCU implementation to test. - rcuperf.verbose= [KNL] Enable additional printk() statements. + rcuperf.writer_holdoff= [KNL] + Write-side holdoff between grace periods, + in microseconds. The default of zero says + no holdoff. + rcutorture.cbflood_inter_holdoff= [KNL] Set holdoff time (jiffies) between successive callback-flood tests. @@ -3803,6 +3815,15 @@ spia_pedr= spia_peddr= + srcutree.counter_wrap_check [KNL] + Specifies how frequently to check for + grace-period sequence counter wrap for the + srcu_data structure's ->srcu_gp_seq_needed field. + The greater the number of bits set in this kernel + parameter, the less frequently counter wrap will + be checked for. Note that the bottom two bits + are ignored. + srcutree.exp_holdoff [KNL] Specifies how many nanoseconds must elapse since the end of the last SRCU grace period for diff --git a/Documentation/core-api/atomic_ops.rst b/Documentation/core-api/atomic_ops.rst index 55e43f1c80de..fce929144ccd 100644 --- a/Documentation/core-api/atomic_ops.rst +++ b/Documentation/core-api/atomic_ops.rst @@ -303,6 +303,11 @@ defined which accomplish this:: void smp_mb__before_atomic(void); void smp_mb__after_atomic(void); +Preceding a non-value-returning read-modify-write atomic operation with +smp_mb__before_atomic() and following it with smp_mb__after_atomic() +provides the same full ordering that is provided by value-returning +read-modify-write atomic operations. + For example, smp_mb__before_atomic() can be used like so:: obj->dead = 1; diff --git a/Documentation/dev-tools/sparse.rst b/Documentation/dev-tools/sparse.rst index ffdcc97f6f5a..78aa00a604a0 100644 --- a/Documentation/dev-tools/sparse.rst +++ b/Documentation/dev-tools/sparse.rst @@ -103,9 +103,3 @@ have already built it. The optional make variable CF can be used to pass arguments to sparse. The build system passes -Wbitwise to sparse automatically. - -Checking RCU annotations -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -RCU annotations are not checked by default. To enable RCU annotation -checks, include -DCONFIG_SPARSE_RCU_POINTER in your CF flags. diff --git a/Documentation/kernel-per-CPU-kthreads.txt b/Documentation/kernel-per-CPU-kthreads.txt index df31e30b6a02..2cb7dc5c0e0d 100644 --- a/Documentation/kernel-per-CPU-kthreads.txt +++ b/Documentation/kernel-per-CPU-kthreads.txt @@ -109,13 +109,12 @@ SCHED_SOFTIRQ: Do all of the following: on that CPU. If a thread that expects to run on the de-jittered CPU awakens, the scheduler will send an IPI that can result in a subsequent SCHED_SOFTIRQ. -2. Build with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ALL=y, - CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, and, in addition, ensure that the CPU - to be de-jittered is marked as an adaptive-ticks CPU using the - "nohz_full=" boot parameter. This reduces the number of - scheduler-clock interrupts that the de-jittered CPU receives, - minimizing its chances of being selected to do the load balancing - work that runs in SCHED_SOFTIRQ context. +2. CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y and ensure that the CPU to be de-jittered + is marked as an adaptive-ticks CPU using the "nohz_full=" + boot parameter. This reduces the number of scheduler-clock + interrupts that the de-jittered CPU receives, minimizing its + chances of being selected to do the load balancing work that + runs in SCHED_SOFTIRQ context. 3. To the extent possible, keep the CPU out of the kernel when it is non-idle, for example, by avoiding system calls and by forcing both kernel threads and interrupts to execute elsewhere. @@ -135,11 +134,10 @@ HRTIMER_SOFTIRQ: Do all of the following: RCU_SOFTIRQ: Do at least one of the following: 1. Offload callbacks and keep the CPU in either dyntick-idle or adaptive-ticks state by doing all of the following: - a. Build with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ALL=y, - CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, and, in addition ensure that the CPU - to be de-jittered is marked as an adaptive-ticks CPU using - the "nohz_full=" boot parameter. Bind the rcuo kthreads - to housekeeping CPUs, which can tolerate OS jitter. + a. CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y and ensure that the CPU to be + de-jittered is marked as an adaptive-ticks CPU using the + "nohz_full=" boot parameter. Bind the rcuo kthreads to + housekeeping CPUs, which can tolerate OS jitter. b. To the extent possible, keep the CPU out of the kernel when it is non-idle, for example, by avoiding system calls and by forcing both kernel threads and interrupts @@ -236,11 +234,10 @@ To reduce its OS jitter, do at least one of the following: is feasible only if your workload never requires RCU priority boosting, for example, if you ensure frequent idle time on all CPUs that might execute within the kernel. -3. Build with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y and CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ALL=y, - which offloads all RCU callbacks to kthreads that can be moved - off of CPUs susceptible to OS jitter. This approach prevents the - rcuc/%u kthreads from having any work to do, so that they are - never awakened. +3. Build with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y and boot with the rcu_nocbs= + boot parameter offloading RCU callbacks from all CPUs susceptible + to OS jitter. This approach prevents the rcuc/%u kthreads from + having any work to do, so that they are never awakened. 4. Ensure that the CPU never enters the kernel, and, in particular, avoid initiating any CPU hotplug operations on this CPU. This is another way of preventing any callbacks from being queued on the diff --git a/Documentation/memory-barriers.txt b/Documentation/memory-barriers.txt index 732f10ea382e..9d5e0f853f08 100644 --- a/Documentation/memory-barriers.txt +++ b/Documentation/memory-barriers.txt @@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ The purpose of this document is twofold: (2) to provide a guide as to how to use the barriers that are available. Note that an architecture can provide more than the minimum requirement -for any particular barrier, but if the architecure provides less than +for any particular barrier, but if the architecture provides less than that, that architecture is incorrect. Note also that it is possible that a barrier may be a no-op for an diff --git a/Documentation/timers/NO_HZ.txt b/Documentation/timers/NO_HZ.txt index 6eaf576294f3..2dcaf9adb7a7 100644 --- a/Documentation/timers/NO_HZ.txt +++ b/Documentation/timers/NO_HZ.txt @@ -194,32 +194,9 @@ that the RCU callbacks are processed in a timely fashion. Another approach is to offload RCU callback processing to "rcuo" kthreads using the CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y Kconfig option. The specific CPUs to -offload may be selected via several methods: - -1. One of three mutually exclusive Kconfig options specify a - build-time default for the CPUs to offload: - - a. The CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_NONE=y Kconfig option results in - no CPUs being offloaded. - - b. The CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ZERO=y Kconfig option causes - CPU 0 to be offloaded. - - c. The CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ALL=y Kconfig option causes all - CPUs to be offloaded. Note that the callbacks will be - offloaded to "rcuo" kthreads, and that those kthreads - will in fact run on some CPU. However, this approach - gives fine-grained control on exactly which CPUs the - callbacks run on, along with their scheduling priority - (including the default of SCHED_OTHER), and it further - allows this control to be varied dynamically at runtime. - -2. The "rcu_nocbs=" kernel boot parameter, which takes a comma-separated - list of CPUs and CPU ranges, for example, "1,3-5" selects CPUs 1, - 3, 4, and 5. The specified CPUs will be offloaded in addition to - any CPUs specified as offloaded by CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ZERO=y or - CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU_ALL=y. This means that the "rcu_nocbs=" boot - parameter has no effect for kernels built with RCU_NOCB_CPU_ALL=y. +offload may be selected using The "rcu_nocbs=" kernel boot parameter, +which takes a comma-separated list of CPUs and CPU ranges, for example, +"1,3-5" selects CPUs 1, 3, 4, and 5. The offloaded CPUs will never queue RCU callbacks, and therefore RCU never prevents offloaded CPUs from entering either dyntick-idle mode |