diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/driver-api')
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-api/cxl/memory-devices.rst | 15 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-api/gpio/board.rst | 6 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-api/gpio/consumer.rst | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-api/gpio/driver.rst | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-api/gpio/drivers-on-gpio.rst | 7 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-api/gpio/index.rst | 1 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-api/gpio/intro.rst | 12 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | Documentation/driver-api/gpio/legacy.rst | 679 |
8 files changed, 24 insertions, 705 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/memory-devices.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/memory-devices.rst index 5149ecdc53c7..d732c42526df 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/memory-devices.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/cxl/memory-devices.rst @@ -328,6 +328,12 @@ CXL Memory Device .. kernel-doc:: drivers/cxl/mem.c :doc: cxl mem +.. kernel-doc:: drivers/cxl/cxlmem.h + :internal: + +.. kernel-doc:: drivers/cxl/core/memdev.c + :identifiers: + CXL Port -------- .. kernel-doc:: drivers/cxl/port.c @@ -341,6 +347,15 @@ CXL Core .. kernel-doc:: drivers/cxl/cxl.h :internal: +.. kernel-doc:: drivers/cxl/core/hdm.c + :doc: cxl core hdm + +.. kernel-doc:: drivers/cxl/core/hdm.c + :identifiers: + +.. kernel-doc:: drivers/cxl/core/cdat.c + :identifiers: + .. kernel-doc:: drivers/cxl/core/port.c :doc: cxl core diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/board.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/board.rst index b33aa04f213f..4fd1cbd8296e 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/board.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/board.rst @@ -4,12 +4,6 @@ GPIO Mappings This document explains how GPIOs can be assigned to given devices and functions. -Note that it only applies to the new descriptor-based interface. For a -description of the deprecated integer-based GPIO interface please refer to -legacy.rst (actually, there is no real mapping possible with the old -interface; you just fetch an integer from somewhere and request the -corresponding GPIO). - All platforms can enable the GPIO library, but if the platform strictly requires GPIO functionality to be present, it needs to select GPIOLIB from its Kconfig. Then, how GPIOs are mapped depends on what the platform uses to diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/consumer.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/consumer.rst index ab56ab0dd7a6..bb3366047fad 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/consumer.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/consumer.rst @@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ GPIO Descriptor Consumer Interface ================================== -This document describes the consumer interface of the GPIO framework. Note that -it describes the new descriptor-based interface. For a description of the -deprecated integer-based GPIO interface please refer to legacy.rst. +This document describes the consumer interface of the GPIO framework. Guidelines for GPIOs consumers diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/driver.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/driver.rst index e541bd2e898b..ae433261e11a 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/driver.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/driver.rst @@ -69,9 +69,8 @@ driver code: The code implementing a gpio_chip should support multiple instances of the controller, preferably using the driver model. That code will configure each -gpio_chip and issue gpiochip_add(), gpiochip_add_data(), or -devm_gpiochip_add_data(). Removing a GPIO controller should be rare; use -gpiochip_remove() when it is unavoidable. +gpio_chip and issue gpiochip_add_data() or devm_gpiochip_add_data(). Removing +a GPIO controller should be rare; use gpiochip_remove() when it is unavoidable. Often a gpio_chip is part of an instance-specific structure with states not exposed by the GPIO interfaces, such as addressing, power management, and more. diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/drivers-on-gpio.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/drivers-on-gpio.rst index af632d764ac6..95572d2a94ce 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/drivers-on-gpio.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/drivers-on-gpio.rst @@ -27,7 +27,12 @@ hardware descriptions such as device tree or ACPI: to the lines for a more permanent solution of this type. - gpio-beeper: drivers/input/misc/gpio-beeper.c is used to provide a beep from - an external speaker connected to a GPIO line. + an external speaker connected to a GPIO line. (If the beep is controlled by + off/on, for an actual PWM waveform, see pwm-gpio below.) + +- pwm-gpio: drivers/pwm/pwm-gpio.c is used to toggle a GPIO with a high + resolution timer producing a PWM waveform on the GPIO line, as well as + Linux high resolution timers can do. - extcon-gpio: drivers/extcon/extcon-gpio.c is used when you need to read an external connector status, such as a headset line for an audio driver or an diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/index.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/index.rst index 1d48fe248f05..34b57cee3391 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/index.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/index.rst @@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ Contents: consumer board drivers-on-gpio - legacy bt8xxgpio Core diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/intro.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/intro.rst index c9c19243b97f..5936a9c57df3 100644 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/intro.rst +++ b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/intro.rst @@ -10,18 +10,6 @@ The documents in this directory give detailed instructions on how to access GPIOs in drivers, and how to write a driver for a device that provides GPIOs itself. -Due to the history of GPIO interfaces in the kernel, there are two different -ways to obtain and use GPIOs: - - - The descriptor-based interface is the preferred way to manipulate GPIOs, - and is described by all the files in this directory excepted legacy.rst. - - The legacy integer-based interface which is considered deprecated (but still - usable for compatibility reasons) is documented in legacy.rst. - -The remainder of this document applies to the new descriptor-based interface. -legacy.rst contains the same information applied to the legacy -integer-based interface. - What is a GPIO? =============== diff --git a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/legacy.rst b/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/legacy.rst deleted file mode 100644 index 534dfe95d128..000000000000 --- a/Documentation/driver-api/gpio/legacy.rst +++ /dev/null @@ -1,679 +0,0 @@ -====================== -Legacy GPIO Interfaces -====================== - -This provides an overview of GPIO access conventions on Linux. - -These calls use the gpio_* naming prefix. No other calls should use that -prefix, or the related __gpio_* prefix. - - -What is a GPIO? -=============== -A "General Purpose Input/Output" (GPIO) is a flexible software-controlled -digital signal. They are provided from many kinds of chip, and are familiar -to Linux developers working with embedded and custom hardware. Each GPIO -represents a bit connected to a particular pin, or "ball" on Ball Grid Array -(BGA) packages. Board schematics show which external hardware connects to -which GPIOs. Drivers can be written generically, so that board setup code -passes such pin configuration data to drivers. - -System-on-Chip (SOC) processors heavily rely on GPIOs. In some cases, every -non-dedicated pin can be configured as a GPIO; and most chips have at least -several dozen of them. Programmable logic devices (like FPGAs) can easily -provide GPIOs; multifunction chips like power managers, and audio codecs -often have a few such pins to help with pin scarcity on SOCs; and there are -also "GPIO Expander" chips that connect using the I2C or SPI serial busses. -Most PC southbridges have a few dozen GPIO-capable pins (with only the BIOS -firmware knowing how they're used). - -The exact capabilities of GPIOs vary between systems. Common options: - - - Output values are writable (high=1, low=0). Some chips also have - options about how that value is driven, so that for example only one - value might be driven ... supporting "wire-OR" and similar schemes - for the other value (notably, "open drain" signaling). - - - Input values are likewise readable (1, 0). Some chips support readback - of pins configured as "output", which is very useful in such "wire-OR" - cases (to support bidirectional signaling). GPIO controllers may have - input de-glitch/debounce logic, sometimes with software controls. - - - Inputs can often be used as IRQ signals, often edge triggered but - sometimes level triggered. Such IRQs may be configurable as system - wakeup events, to wake the system from a low power state. - - - Usually a GPIO will be configurable as either input or output, as needed - by different product boards; single direction ones exist too. - - - Most GPIOs can be accessed while holding spinlocks, but those accessed - through a serial bus normally can't. Some systems support both types. - -On a given board each GPIO is used for one specific purpose like monitoring -MMC/SD card insertion/removal, detecting card writeprotect status, driving -a LED, configuring a transceiver, bitbanging a serial bus, poking a hardware -watchdog, sensing a switch, and so on. - - -GPIO conventions -================ -Note that this is called a "convention" because you don't need to do it this -way, and it's no crime if you don't. There **are** cases where portability -is not the main issue; GPIOs are often used for the kind of board-specific -glue logic that may even change between board revisions, and can't ever be -used on a board that's wired differently. Only least-common-denominator -functionality can be very portable. Other features are platform-specific, -and that can be critical for glue logic. - -Plus, this doesn't require any implementation framework, just an interface. -One platform might implement it as simple inline functions accessing chip -registers; another might implement it by delegating through abstractions -used for several very different kinds of GPIO controller. (There is some -optional code supporting such an implementation strategy, described later -in this document, but drivers acting as clients to the GPIO interface must -not care how it's implemented.) - -That said, if the convention is supported on their platform, drivers should -use it when possible. Platforms must select GPIOLIB if GPIO functionality -is strictly required. Drivers that can't work without -standard GPIO calls should have Kconfig entries which depend on GPIOLIB. The -GPIO calls are available, either as "real code" or as optimized-away stubs, -when drivers use the include file: - - #include <linux/gpio.h> - -If you stick to this convention then it'll be easier for other developers to -see what your code is doing, and help maintain it. - -Note that these operations include I/O barriers on platforms which need to -use them; drivers don't need to add them explicitly. - - -Identifying GPIOs ------------------ -GPIOs are identified by unsigned integers in the range 0..MAX_INT. That -reserves "negative" numbers for other purposes like marking signals as -"not available on this board", or indicating faults. Code that doesn't -touch the underlying hardware treats these integers as opaque cookies. - -Platforms define how they use those integers, and usually #define symbols -for the GPIO lines so that board-specific setup code directly corresponds -to the relevant schematics. In contrast, drivers should only use GPIO -numbers passed to them from that setup code, using platform_data to hold -board-specific pin configuration data (along with other board specific -data they need). That avoids portability problems. - -So for example one platform uses numbers 32-159 for GPIOs; while another -uses numbers 0..63 with one set of GPIO controllers, 64-79 with another -type of GPIO controller, and on one particular board 80-95 with an FPGA. -The numbers need not be contiguous; either of those platforms could also -use numbers 2000-2063 to identify GPIOs in a bank of I2C GPIO expanders. - -If you want to initialize a structure with an invalid GPIO number, use -some negative number (perhaps "-EINVAL"); that will never be valid. To -test if such number from such a structure could reference a GPIO, you -may use this predicate: - - int gpio_is_valid(int number); - -A number that's not valid will be rejected by calls which may request -or free GPIOs (see below). Other numbers may also be rejected; for -example, a number might be valid but temporarily unused on a given board. - -Whether a platform supports multiple GPIO controllers is a platform-specific -implementation issue, as are whether that support can leave "holes" in the space -of GPIO numbers, and whether new controllers can be added at runtime. Such issues -can affect things including whether adjacent GPIO numbers are both valid. - -Using GPIOs ------------ -The first thing a system should do with a GPIO is allocate it, using -the gpio_request() call; see later. - -One of the next things to do with a GPIO, often in board setup code when -setting up a platform_device using the GPIO, is mark its direction:: - - /* set as input or output, returning 0 or negative errno */ - int gpio_direction_input(unsigned gpio); - int gpio_direction_output(unsigned gpio, int value); - -The return value is zero for success, else a negative errno. It should -be checked, since the get/set calls don't have error returns and since -misconfiguration is possible. You should normally issue these calls from -a task context. However, for spinlock-safe GPIOs it's OK to use them -before tasking is enabled, as part of early board setup. - -For output GPIOs, the value provided becomes the initial output value. -This helps avoid signal glitching during system startup. - -For compatibility with legacy interfaces to GPIOs, setting the direction -of a GPIO implicitly requests that GPIO (see below) if it has not been -requested already. That compatibility is being removed from the optional -gpiolib framework. - -Setting the direction can fail if the GPIO number is invalid, or when -that particular GPIO can't be used in that mode. It's generally a bad -idea to rely on boot firmware to have set the direction correctly, since -it probably wasn't validated to do more than boot Linux. (Similarly, -that board setup code probably needs to multiplex that pin as a GPIO, -and configure pullups/pulldowns appropriately.) - - -Spinlock-Safe GPIO access -------------------------- -Most GPIO controllers can be accessed with memory read/write instructions. -Those don't need to sleep, and can safely be done from inside hard -(nonthreaded) IRQ handlers and similar contexts. - -Use the following calls to access such GPIOs:: - - /* GPIO INPUT: return zero or nonzero */ - int gpio_get_value(unsigned gpio); - - /* GPIO OUTPUT */ - void gpio_set_value(unsigned gpio, int value); - -The values are boolean, zero for low, nonzero for high. When reading the -value of an output pin, the value returned should be what's seen on the -pin ... that won't always match the specified output value, because of -issues including open-drain signaling and output latencies. - -The get/set calls have no error returns because "invalid GPIO" should have -been reported earlier from gpio_direction_*(). However, note that not all -platforms can read the value of output pins; those that can't should always -return zero. Also, using these calls for GPIOs that can't safely be accessed -without sleeping (see below) is an error. - -Platform-specific implementations are encouraged to optimize the two -calls to access the GPIO value in cases where the GPIO number (and for -output, value) are constant. It's normal for them to need only a couple -of instructions in such cases (reading or writing a hardware register), -and not to need spinlocks. Such optimized calls can make bitbanging -applications a lot more efficient (in both space and time) than spending -dozens of instructions on subroutine calls. - - -GPIO access that may sleep --------------------------- -Some GPIO controllers must be accessed using message based busses like I2C -or SPI. Commands to read or write those GPIO values require waiting to -get to the head of a queue to transmit a command and get its response. -This requires sleeping, which can't be done from inside IRQ handlers. -To access such GPIOs, a different set of accessors is defined:: - - /* GPIO INPUT: return zero or nonzero, might sleep */ - int gpio_get_value_cansleep(unsigned gpio); - - /* GPIO OUTPUT, might sleep */ - void gpio_set_value_cansleep(unsigned gpio, int value); - -Accessing such GPIOs requires a context which may sleep, for example -a threaded IRQ handler, and those accessors must be used instead of -spinlock-safe accessors without the cansleep() name suffix. - -Other than the fact that these accessors might sleep, and will work -on GPIOs that can't be accessed from hardIRQ handlers, these calls act -the same as the spinlock-safe calls. - -**IN ADDITION** calls to setup and configure such GPIOs must be made -from contexts which may sleep, since they may need to access the GPIO -controller chip too (These setup calls are usually made from board -setup or driver probe/teardown code, so this is an easy constraint.):: - - gpio_direction_input() - gpio_direction_output() - gpio_request() - - ## gpio_request_one() - - gpio_free() - - -Claiming and Releasing GPIOs ----------------------------- -To help catch system configuration errors, two calls are defined:: - - /* request GPIO, returning 0 or negative errno. - * non-null labels may be useful for diagnostics. - */ - int gpio_request(unsigned gpio, const char *label); - - /* release previously-claimed GPIO */ - void gpio_free(unsigned gpio); - -Passing invalid GPIO numbers to gpio_request() will fail, as will requesting -GPIOs that have already been claimed with that call. The return value of -gpio_request() must be checked. You should normally issue these calls from -a task context. However, for spinlock-safe GPIOs it's OK to request GPIOs -before tasking is enabled, as part of early board setup. - -These calls serve two basic purposes. One is marking the signals which -are actually in use as GPIOs, for better diagnostics; systems may have -several hundred potential GPIOs, but often only a dozen are used on any -given board. Another is to catch conflicts, identifying errors when -(a) two or more drivers wrongly think they have exclusive use of that -signal, or (b) something wrongly believes it's safe to remove drivers -needed to manage a signal that's in active use. That is, requesting a -GPIO can serve as a kind of lock. - -Some platforms may also use knowledge about what GPIOs are active for -power management, such as by powering down unused chip sectors and, more -easily, gating off unused clocks. - -For GPIOs that use pins known to the pinctrl subsystem, that subsystem should -be informed of their use; a gpiolib driver's .request() operation may call -pinctrl_gpio_request(), and a gpiolib driver's .free() operation may call -pinctrl_gpio_free(). The pinctrl subsystem allows a pinctrl_gpio_request() -to succeed concurrently with a pin or pingroup being "owned" by a device for -pin multiplexing. - -Any programming of pin multiplexing hardware that is needed to route the -GPIO signal to the appropriate pin should occur within a GPIO driver's -.direction_input() or .direction_output() operations, and occur after any -setup of an output GPIO's value. This allows a glitch-free migration from a -pin's special function to GPIO. This is sometimes required when using a GPIO -to implement a workaround on signals typically driven by a non-GPIO HW block. - -Some platforms allow some or all GPIO signals to be routed to different pins. -Similarly, other aspects of the GPIO or pin may need to be configured, such as -pullup/pulldown. Platform software should arrange that any such details are -configured prior to gpio_request() being called for those GPIOs, e.g. using -the pinctrl subsystem's mapping table, so that GPIO users need not be aware -of these details. - -Also note that it's your responsibility to have stopped using a GPIO -before you free it. - -Considering in most cases GPIOs are actually configured right after they -are claimed, three additional calls are defined:: - - /* request a single GPIO, with initial configuration specified by - * 'flags', identical to gpio_request() wrt other arguments and - * return value - */ - int gpio_request_one(unsigned gpio, unsigned long flags, const char *label); - -where 'flags' is currently defined to specify the following properties: - - * GPIOF_DIR_IN - to configure direction as input - * GPIOF_DIR_OUT - to configure direction as output - - * GPIOF_INIT_LOW - as output, set initial level to LOW - * GPIOF_INIT_HIGH - as output, set initial level to HIGH - -since GPIOF_INIT_* are only valid when configured as output, so group valid -combinations as: - - * GPIOF_IN - configure as input - * GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW - configured as output, initial level LOW - * GPIOF_OUT_INIT_HIGH - configured as output, initial level HIGH - -Further more, to ease the claim/release of multiple GPIOs, 'struct gpio' is -introduced to encapsulate all three fields as:: - - struct gpio { - unsigned gpio; - unsigned long flags; - const char *label; - }; - -A typical example of usage:: - - static struct gpio leds_gpios[] = { - { 32, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_HIGH, "Power LED" }, /* default to ON */ - { 33, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "Green LED" }, /* default to OFF */ - { 34, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "Red LED" }, /* default to OFF */ - { 35, GPIOF_OUT_INIT_LOW, "Blue LED" }, /* default to OFF */ - { ... }, - }; - - err = gpio_request_one(31, GPIOF_IN, "Reset Button"); - if (err) - ... - - -GPIOs mapped to IRQs --------------------- -GPIO numbers are unsigned integers; so are IRQ numbers. These make up -two logically distinct namespaces (GPIO 0 need not use IRQ 0). You can -map between them using calls like:: - - /* map GPIO numbers to IRQ numbers */ - int gpio_to_irq(unsigned gpio); - -Those return either the corresponding number in the other namespace, or -else a negative errno code if the mapping can't be done. (For example, -some GPIOs can't be used as IRQs.) It is an unchecked error to use a GPIO -number that wasn't set up as an input using gpio_direction_input(), or -to use an IRQ number that didn't originally come from gpio_to_irq(). - -These two mapping calls are expected to cost on the order of a single -addition or subtraction. They're not allowed to sleep. - -Non-error values returned from gpio_to_irq() can be passed to request_irq() -or free_irq(). They will often be stored into IRQ resources for platform -devices, by the board-specific initialization code. Note that IRQ trigger -options are part of the IRQ interface, e.g. IRQF_TRIGGER_FALLING, as are -system wakeup capabilities. - - -Emulating Open Drain Signals ----------------------------- -Sometimes shared signals need to use "open drain" signaling, where only the -low signal level is actually driven. (That term applies to CMOS transistors; -"open collector" is used for TTL.) A pullup resistor causes the high signal -level. This is sometimes called a "wire-AND"; or more practically, from the -negative logic (low=true) perspective this is a "wire-OR". - -One common example of an open drain signal is a shared active-low IRQ line. -Also, bidirectional data bus signals sometimes use open drain signals. - -Some GPIO controllers directly support open drain outputs; many don't. When -you need open drain signaling but your hardware doesn't directly support it, -there's a common idiom you can use to emulate it with any GPIO pin that can -be used as either an input or an output: - - LOW: gpio_direction_output(gpio, 0) ... this drives the signal - and overrides the pullup. - - HIGH: gpio_direction_input(gpio) ... this turns off the output, - so the pullup (or some other device) controls the signal. - -If you are "driving" the signal high but gpio_get_value(gpio) reports a low -value (after the appropriate rise time passes), you know some other component -is driving the shared signal low. That's not necessarily an error. As one -common example, that's how I2C clocks are stretched: a slave that needs a -slower clock delays the rising edge of SCK, and the I2C master adjusts its -signaling rate accordingly. - - -GPIO controllers and the pinctrl subsystem ------------------------------------------- - -A GPIO controller on a SOC might be tightly coupled with the pinctrl -subsystem, in the sense that the pins can be used by other functions -together with an optional gpio feature. We have already covered the -case where e.g. a GPIO controller need to reserve a pin or set the -direction of a pin by calling any of:: - - pinctrl_gpio_request() - pinctrl_gpio_free() - pinctrl_gpio_direction_input() - pinctrl_gpio_direction_output() - -But how does the pin control subsystem cross-correlate the GPIO -numbers (which are a global business) to a certain pin on a certain -pin controller? - -This is done by registering "ranges" of pins, which are essentially -cross-reference tables. These are described in -Documentation/driver-api/pin-control.rst - -While the pin allocation is totally managed by the pinctrl subsystem, -gpio (under gpiolib) is still maintained by gpio drivers. It may happen -that different pin ranges in a SoC is managed by different gpio drivers. - -This makes it logical to let gpio drivers announce their pin ranges to -the pin ctrl subsystem before it will call 'pinctrl_gpio_request' in order -to request the corresponding pin to be prepared by the pinctrl subsystem -before any gpio usage. - -For this, the gpio controller can register its pin range with pinctrl -subsystem. There are two ways of doing it currently: with or without DT. - -For with DT support refer to Documentation/devicetree/bindings/gpio/gpio.txt. - -For non-DT support, user can call gpiochip_add_pin_range() with appropriate -parameters to register a range of gpio pins with a pinctrl driver. For this -exact name string of pinctrl device has to be passed as one of the -argument to this routine. - - -What do these conventions omit? -=============================== -One of the biggest things these conventions omit is pin multiplexing, since -this is highly chip-specific and nonportable. One platform might not need -explicit multiplexing; another might have just two options for use of any -given pin; another might have eight options per pin; another might be able -to route a given GPIO to any one of several pins. (Yes, those examples all -come from systems that run Linux today.) - -Related to multiplexing is configuration and enabling of the pullups or -pulldowns integrated on some platforms. Not all platforms support them, -or support them in the same way; and any given board might use external -pullups (or pulldowns) so that the on-chip ones should not be used. -(When a circuit needs 5 kOhm, on-chip 100 kOhm resistors won't do.) -Likewise drive strength (2 mA vs 20 mA) and voltage (1.8V vs 3.3V) is a -platform-specific issue, as are models like (not) having a one-to-one -correspondence between configurable pins and GPIOs. - -There are other system-specific mechanisms that are not specified here, -like the aforementioned options for input de-glitching and wire-OR output. -Hardware may support reading or writing GPIOs in gangs, but that's usually -configuration dependent: for GPIOs sharing the same bank. (GPIOs are -commonly grouped in banks of 16 or 32, with a given SOC having several such -banks.) Some systems can trigger IRQs from output GPIOs, or read values -from pins not managed as GPIOs. Code relying on such mechanisms will -necessarily be nonportable. - -Dynamic definition of GPIOs is not currently standard; for example, as -a side effect of configuring an add-on board with some GPIO expanders. - - -GPIO implementor's framework (OPTIONAL) -======================================= -As noted earlier, there is an optional implementation framework making it -easier for platforms to support different kinds of GPIO controller using -the same programming interface. This framework is called "gpiolib". - -As a debugging aid, if debugfs is available a /sys/kernel/debug/gpio file -will be found there. That will list all the controllers registered through -this framework, and the state of the GPIOs currently in use. - - -Controller Drivers: gpio_chip ------------------------------ -In this framework each GPIO controller is packaged as a "struct gpio_chip" -with information common to each controller of that type: - - - methods to establish GPIO direction - - methods used to access GPIO values - - flag saying whether calls to its methods may sleep - - optional debugfs dump method (showing extra state like pullup config) - - label for diagnostics - -There is also per-instance data, which may come from device.platform_data: -the number of its first GPIO, and how many GPIOs it exposes. - -The code implementing a gpio_chip should support multiple instances of the -controller, possibly using the driver model. That code will configure each -gpio_chip and issue gpiochip_add(). Removing a GPIO controller should be -rare; use gpiochip_remove() when it is unavoidable. - -Most often a gpio_chip is part of an instance-specific structure with state -not exposed by the GPIO interfaces, such as addressing, power management, -and more. Chips such as codecs will have complex non-GPIO state. - -Any debugfs dump method should normally ignore signals which haven't been -requested as GPIOs. They can use gpiochip_is_requested(), which returns -either NULL or the label associated with that GPIO when it was requested. - - -Platform Support ----------------- -To force-enable this framework, a platform's Kconfig will "select" GPIOLIB, -else it is up to the user to configure support for GPIO. - -If neither of these options are selected, the platform does not support -GPIOs through GPIO-lib and the code cannot be enabled by the user. - -Trivial implementations of those functions can directly use framework -code, which always dispatches through the gpio_chip:: - - #define gpio_get_value __gpio_get_value - #define gpio_set_value __gpio_set_value - -Fancier implementations could instead define those as inline functions with -logic optimizing access to specific SOC-based GPIOs. For example, if the -referenced GPIO is the constant "12", getting or setting its value could -cost as little as two or three instructions, never sleeping. When such an -optimization is not possible those calls must delegate to the framework -code, costing at least a few dozen instructions. For bitbanged I/O, such -instruction savings can be significant. - -For SOCs, platform-specific code defines and registers gpio_chip instances -for each bank of on-chip GPIOs. Those GPIOs should be numbered/labeled to -match chip vendor documentation, and directly match board schematics. They -may well start at zero and go up to a platform-specific limit. Such GPIOs -are normally integrated into platform initialization to make them always be -available, from arch_initcall() or earlier; they can often serve as IRQs. - - -Board Support -------------- -For external GPIO controllers -- such as I2C or SPI expanders, ASICs, multi -function devices, FPGAs or CPLDs -- most often board-specific code handles -registering controller devices and ensures that their drivers know what GPIO -numbers to use with gpiochip_add(). Their numbers often start right after -platform-specific GPIOs. - -For example, board setup code could create structures identifying the range -of GPIOs that chip will expose, and passes them to each GPIO expander chip -using platform_data. Then the chip driver's probe() routine could pass that -data to gpiochip_add(). - -Initialization order can be important. For example, when a device relies on -an I2C-based GPIO, its probe() routine should only be called after that GPIO -becomes available. That may mean the device should not be registered until -calls for that GPIO can work. One way to address such dependencies is for -such gpio_chip controllers to provide setup() and teardown() callbacks to -board specific code; those board specific callbacks would register devices -once all the necessary resources are available, and remove them later when -the GPIO controller device becomes unavailable. - - -Sysfs Interface for Userspace (OPTIONAL) -======================================== -Platforms which use the "gpiolib" implementors framework may choose to -configure a sysfs user interface to GPIOs. This is different from the -debugfs interface, since it provides control over GPIO direction and -value instead of just showing a gpio state summary. Plus, it could be -present on production systems without debugging support. - -Given appropriate hardware documentation for the system, userspace could -know for example that GPIO #23 controls the write protect line used to -protect boot loader segments in flash memory. System upgrade procedures -may need to temporarily remove that protection, first importing a GPIO, -then changing its output state, then updating the code before re-enabling -the write protection. In normal use, GPIO #23 would never be touched, -and the kernel would have no need to know about it. - -Again depending on appropriate hardware documentation, on some systems -userspace GPIO can be used to determine system configuration data that -standard kernels won't know about. And for some tasks, simple userspace -GPIO drivers could be all that the system really needs. - -Note that standard kernel drivers exist for common "LEDs and Buttons" -GPIO tasks: "leds-gpio" and "gpio_keys", respectively. Use those -instead of talking directly to the GPIOs; they integrate with kernel -frameworks better than your userspace code could. - - -Paths in Sysfs --------------- -There are three kinds of entry in /sys/class/gpio: - - - Control interfaces used to get userspace control over GPIOs; - - - GPIOs themselves; and - - - GPIO controllers ("gpio_chip" instances). - -That's in addition to standard files including the "device" symlink. - -The control interfaces are write-only: - - /sys/class/gpio/ - - "export" ... Userspace may ask the kernel to export control of - a GPIO to userspace by writing its number to this file. - - Example: "echo 19 > export" will create a "gpio19" node - for GPIO #19, if that's not requested by kernel code. - - "unexport" ... Reverses the effect of exporting to userspace. - - Example: "echo 19 > unexport" will remove a "gpio19" - node exported using the "export" file. - -GPIO signals have paths like /sys/class/gpio/gpio42/ (for GPIO #42) -and have the following read/write attributes: - - /sys/class/gpio/gpioN/ - - "direction" ... reads as either "in" or "out". This value may - normally be written. Writing as "out" defaults to - initializing the value as low. To ensure glitch free - operation, values "low" and "high" may be written to - configure the GPIO as an output with that initial value. - - Note that this attribute *will not exist* if the kernel - doesn't support changing the direction of a GPIO, or - it was exported by kernel code that didn't explicitly - allow userspace to reconfigure this GPIO's direction. - - "value" ... reads as either 0 (low) or 1 (high). If the GPIO - is configured as an output, this value may be written; - any nonzero value is treated as high. - - If the pin can be configured as interrupt-generating interrupt - and if it has been configured to generate interrupts (see the - description of "edge"), you can poll(2) on that file and - poll(2) will return whenever the interrupt was triggered. If - you use poll(2), set the events POLLPRI. If you use select(2), - set the file descriptor in exceptfds. After poll(2) returns, - either lseek(2) to the beginning of the sysfs file and read the - new value or close the file and re-open it to read the value. - - "edge" ... reads as either "none", "rising", "falling", or - "both". Write these strings to select the signal edge(s) - that will make poll(2) on the "value" file return. - - This file exists only if the pin can be configured as an - interrupt generating input pin. - - "active_low" ... reads as either 0 (false) or 1 (true). Write - any nonzero value to invert the value attribute both - for reading and writing. Existing and subsequent - poll(2) support configuration via the edge attribute - for "rising" and "falling" edges will follow this - setting. - -GPIO controllers have paths like /sys/class/gpio/gpiochip42/ (for the -controller implementing GPIOs starting at #42) and have the following -read-only attributes: - - /sys/class/gpio/gpiochipN/ - - "base" ... same as N, the first GPIO managed by this chip - - "label" ... provided for diagnostics (not always unique) - - "ngpio" ... how many GPIOs this manges (N to N + ngpio - 1) - -Board documentation should in most cases cover what GPIOs are used for -what purposes. However, those numbers are not always stable; GPIOs on -a daughtercard might be different depending on the base board being used, -or other cards in the stack. In such cases, you may need to use the -gpiochip nodes (possibly in conjunction with schematics) to determine -the correct GPIO number to use for a given signal. - - -API Reference -============= - -The functions listed in this section are deprecated. The GPIO descriptor based -API should be used in new code. - -.. kernel-doc:: drivers/gpio/gpiolib-legacy.c - :export: |