diff options
author | James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com> | 2017-12-11 09:01:08 +0300 |
---|---|---|
committer | James Morris <james.l.morris@oracle.com> | 2017-12-11 09:01:08 +0300 |
commit | d21bd6898336a7892914d308d5e0868f0b863571 (patch) | |
tree | f5f756c25348b5a6c1ce9ddbaa7d1ecd1bef40b0 /security/integrity | |
parent | 34d8751fd4ffa34e85ee7e85d34168b3f3f62b42 (diff) | |
parent | 50c4c4e268a2d7a3e58ebb698ac74da0de40ae36 (diff) | |
download | linux-d21bd6898336a7892914d308d5e0868f0b863571.tar.xz |
Sync to v4.15-rc3 for security subsystem developers to work against.
Diffstat (limited to 'security/integrity')
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/Makefile | 1 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/digsig.c | 14 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/evm/evm.h | 3 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/evm/evm_crypto.c | 2 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/evm/evm_main.c | 3 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/evm/evm_secfs.c | 29 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/iint.c | 49 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/ima/Makefile | 1 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/ima/ima_api.c | 67 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c | 7 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/ima/ima_crypto.c | 66 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/ima/ima_fs.c | 6 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/ima/ima_main.c | 23 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/ima/ima_policy.c | 6 | ||||
-rw-r--r-- | security/integrity/integrity.h | 2 |
15 files changed, 130 insertions, 149 deletions
diff --git a/security/integrity/Makefile b/security/integrity/Makefile index 8d1f4bf51087..04d6e462b079 100644 --- a/security/integrity/Makefile +++ b/security/integrity/Makefile @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 # # Makefile for caching inode integrity data (iint) # diff --git a/security/integrity/digsig.c b/security/integrity/digsig.c index 06554c448dce..6f9e4ce568cd 100644 --- a/security/integrity/digsig.c +++ b/security/integrity/digsig.c @@ -112,21 +112,25 @@ int __init integrity_init_keyring(const unsigned int id) int __init integrity_load_x509(const unsigned int id, const char *path) { key_ref_t key; - char *data; + void *data; + loff_t size; int rc; if (!keyring[id]) return -EINVAL; - rc = integrity_read_file(path, &data); - if (rc < 0) + rc = kernel_read_file_from_path(path, &data, &size, 0, + READING_X509_CERTIFICATE); + if (rc < 0) { + pr_err("Unable to open file: %s (%d)", path, rc); return rc; + } key = key_create_or_update(make_key_ref(keyring[id], 1), "asymmetric", NULL, data, - rc, + size, ((KEY_POS_ALL & ~KEY_POS_SETATTR) | KEY_USR_VIEW | KEY_USR_READ), KEY_ALLOC_NOT_IN_QUOTA); @@ -139,6 +143,6 @@ int __init integrity_load_x509(const unsigned int id, const char *path) key_ref_to_ptr(key)->description, path); key_ref_put(key); } - kfree(data); + vfree(data); return 0; } diff --git a/security/integrity/evm/evm.h b/security/integrity/evm/evm.h index f5f12727771a..241aca315b0c 100644 --- a/security/integrity/evm/evm.h +++ b/security/integrity/evm/evm.h @@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ #define EVM_INIT_HMAC 0x0001 #define EVM_INIT_X509 0x0002 +#define EVM_SETUP 0x80000000 /* userland has signaled key load */ + +#define EVM_INIT_MASK (EVM_INIT_HMAC | EVM_INIT_X509 | EVM_SETUP) extern int evm_initialized; extern char *evm_hmac; diff --git a/security/integrity/evm/evm_crypto.c b/security/integrity/evm/evm_crypto.c index 1d32cd20009a..bcd64baf8788 100644 --- a/security/integrity/evm/evm_crypto.c +++ b/security/integrity/evm/evm_crypto.c @@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ static struct shash_desc *init_desc(char type) if (type == EVM_XATTR_HMAC) { if (!(evm_initialized & EVM_INIT_HMAC)) { - pr_err("HMAC key is not set\n"); + pr_err_once("HMAC key is not set\n"); return ERR_PTR(-ENOKEY); } tfm = &hmac_tfm; diff --git a/security/integrity/evm/evm_main.c b/security/integrity/evm/evm_main.c index 063d38aef64e..9826c02e2db8 100644 --- a/security/integrity/evm/evm_main.c +++ b/security/integrity/evm/evm_main.c @@ -49,6 +49,9 @@ char *evm_config_xattrnames[] = { XATTR_NAME_SMACKMMAP, #endif #endif +#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR + XATTR_NAME_APPARMOR, +#endif #ifdef CONFIG_IMA_APPRAISE XATTR_NAME_IMA, #endif diff --git a/security/integrity/evm/evm_secfs.c b/security/integrity/evm/evm_secfs.c index c8dccd54d501..319cf16d6603 100644 --- a/security/integrity/evm/evm_secfs.c +++ b/security/integrity/evm/evm_secfs.c @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ static ssize_t evm_read_key(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, if (*ppos != 0) return 0; - sprintf(temp, "%d", evm_initialized); + sprintf(temp, "%d", (evm_initialized & ~EVM_SETUP)); rc = simple_read_from_buffer(buf, count, ppos, temp, strlen(temp)); return rc; @@ -61,24 +61,29 @@ static ssize_t evm_read_key(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, static ssize_t evm_write_key(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos) { - char temp[80]; - int i; + int i, ret; - if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) || (evm_initialized & EVM_INIT_HMAC)) + if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) || (evm_initialized & EVM_SETUP)) return -EPERM; - if (count >= sizeof(temp) || count == 0) - return -EINVAL; - - if (copy_from_user(temp, buf, count) != 0) - return -EFAULT; + ret = kstrtoint_from_user(buf, count, 0, &i); - temp[count] = '\0'; + if (ret) + return ret; - if ((sscanf(temp, "%d", &i) != 1) || (i != 1)) + /* Reject invalid values */ + if (!i || (i & ~EVM_INIT_MASK) != 0) return -EINVAL; - evm_init_key(); + if (i & EVM_INIT_HMAC) { + ret = evm_init_key(); + if (ret != 0) + return ret; + /* Forbid further writes after the symmetric key is loaded */ + i |= EVM_SETUP; + } + + evm_initialized |= i; return count; } diff --git a/security/integrity/iint.c b/security/integrity/iint.c index 6fc888ca468e..c84e05866052 100644 --- a/security/integrity/iint.c +++ b/security/integrity/iint.c @@ -200,55 +200,6 @@ int integrity_kernel_read(struct file *file, loff_t offset, } /* - * integrity_read_file - read entire file content into the buffer - * - * This is function opens a file, allocates the buffer of required - * size, read entire file content to the buffer and closes the file - * - * It is used only by init code. - * - */ -int __init integrity_read_file(const char *path, char **data) -{ - struct file *file; - loff_t size; - char *buf; - int rc = -EINVAL; - - if (!path || !*path) - return -EINVAL; - - file = filp_open(path, O_RDONLY, 0); - if (IS_ERR(file)) { - rc = PTR_ERR(file); - pr_err("Unable to open file: %s (%d)", path, rc); - return rc; - } - - size = i_size_read(file_inode(file)); - if (size <= 0) - goto out; - - buf = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL); - if (!buf) { - rc = -ENOMEM; - goto out; - } - - rc = integrity_kernel_read(file, 0, buf, size); - if (rc == size) { - *data = buf; - } else { - kfree(buf); - if (rc >= 0) - rc = -EIO; - } -out: - fput(file); - return rc; -} - -/* * integrity_load_keys - load integrity keys hook * * Hooks is called from init/main.c:kernel_init_freeable() diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/Makefile b/security/integrity/ima/Makefile index 29f198bde02b..d921dc4f9eb0 100644 --- a/security/integrity/ima/Makefile +++ b/security/integrity/ima/Makefile @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 # # Makefile for building Trusted Computing Group's(TCG) runtime Integrity # Measurement Architecture(IMA). diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_api.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_api.c index c2edba8de35e..c7e8db0ea4c0 100644 --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_api.c +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_api.c @@ -199,42 +199,59 @@ int ima_collect_measurement(struct integrity_iint_cache *iint, struct inode *inode = file_inode(file); const char *filename = file->f_path.dentry->d_name.name; int result = 0; + int length; + void *tmpbuf; + u64 i_version; struct { struct ima_digest_data hdr; char digest[IMA_MAX_DIGEST_SIZE]; } hash; - if (!(iint->flags & IMA_COLLECTED)) { - u64 i_version = file_inode(file)->i_version; + if (iint->flags & IMA_COLLECTED) + goto out; - if (file->f_flags & O_DIRECT) { - audit_cause = "failed(directio)"; - result = -EACCES; - goto out; - } + /* + * Dectecting file change is based on i_version. On filesystems + * which do not support i_version, support is limited to an initial + * measurement/appraisal/audit. + */ + i_version = file_inode(file)->i_version; + hash.hdr.algo = algo; - hash.hdr.algo = algo; - - result = (!buf) ? ima_calc_file_hash(file, &hash.hdr) : - ima_calc_buffer_hash(buf, size, &hash.hdr); - if (!result) { - int length = sizeof(hash.hdr) + hash.hdr.length; - void *tmpbuf = krealloc(iint->ima_hash, length, - GFP_NOFS); - if (tmpbuf) { - iint->ima_hash = tmpbuf; - memcpy(iint->ima_hash, &hash, length); - iint->version = i_version; - iint->flags |= IMA_COLLECTED; - } else - result = -ENOMEM; - } + /* Initialize hash digest to 0's in case of failure */ + memset(&hash.digest, 0, sizeof(hash.digest)); + + if (buf) + result = ima_calc_buffer_hash(buf, size, &hash.hdr); + else + result = ima_calc_file_hash(file, &hash.hdr); + + if (result && result != -EBADF && result != -EINVAL) + goto out; + + length = sizeof(hash.hdr) + hash.hdr.length; + tmpbuf = krealloc(iint->ima_hash, length, GFP_NOFS); + if (!tmpbuf) { + result = -ENOMEM; + goto out; } + + iint->ima_hash = tmpbuf; + memcpy(iint->ima_hash, &hash, length); + iint->version = i_version; + + /* Possibly temporary failure due to type of read (eg. O_DIRECT) */ + if (!result) + iint->flags |= IMA_COLLECTED; out: - if (result) + if (result) { + if (file->f_flags & O_DIRECT) + audit_cause = "failed(directio)"; + integrity_audit_msg(AUDIT_INTEGRITY_DATA, inode, filename, "collect_data", audit_cause, result, 0); + } return result; } @@ -278,7 +295,7 @@ void ima_store_measurement(struct integrity_iint_cache *iint, } result = ima_store_template(entry, violation, inode, filename, pcr); - if (!result || result == -EEXIST) { + if ((!result || result == -EEXIST) && !(file->f_flags & O_DIRECT)) { iint->flags |= IMA_MEASURED; iint->measured_pcrs |= (0x1 << pcr); } diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c index 809ba70fbbbf..65fbcf3c32c7 100644 --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_appraise.c @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ __setup("ima_appraise=", default_appraise_setup); */ bool is_ima_appraise_enabled(void) { - return (ima_appraise & IMA_APPRAISE_ENFORCE) ? 1 : 0; + return ima_appraise & IMA_APPRAISE_ENFORCE; } /* @@ -320,6 +320,9 @@ void ima_update_xattr(struct integrity_iint_cache *iint, struct file *file) if (iint->flags & IMA_DIGSIG) return; + if (iint->ima_file_status != INTEGRITY_PASS) + return; + rc = ima_collect_measurement(iint, file, NULL, 0, ima_hash_algo); if (rc < 0) return; @@ -405,7 +408,7 @@ int ima_inode_setxattr(struct dentry *dentry, const char *xattr_name, if (!xattr_value_len || (xvalue->type >= IMA_XATTR_LAST)) return -EINVAL; ima_reset_appraise_flags(d_backing_inode(dentry), - (xvalue->type == EVM_IMA_XATTR_DIGSIG) ? 1 : 0); + xvalue->type == EVM_IMA_XATTR_DIGSIG); result = 0; } return result; diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_crypto.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_crypto.c index 802d5d20f36f..9057b163c378 100644 --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_crypto.c +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_crypto.c @@ -27,11 +27,6 @@ #include "ima.h" -struct ahash_completion { - struct completion completion; - int err; -}; - /* minimum file size for ahash use */ static unsigned long ima_ahash_minsize; module_param_named(ahash_minsize, ima_ahash_minsize, ulong, 0644); @@ -196,30 +191,13 @@ static void ima_free_atfm(struct crypto_ahash *tfm) crypto_free_ahash(tfm); } -static void ahash_complete(struct crypto_async_request *req, int err) +static inline int ahash_wait(int err, struct crypto_wait *wait) { - struct ahash_completion *res = req->data; - if (err == -EINPROGRESS) - return; - res->err = err; - complete(&res->completion); -} + err = crypto_wait_req(err, wait); -static int ahash_wait(int err, struct ahash_completion *res) -{ - switch (err) { - case 0: - break; - case -EINPROGRESS: - case -EBUSY: - wait_for_completion(&res->completion); - reinit_completion(&res->completion); - err = res->err; - /* fall through */ - default: + if (err) pr_crit_ratelimited("ahash calculation failed: err: %d\n", err); - } return err; } @@ -233,7 +211,7 @@ static int ima_calc_file_hash_atfm(struct file *file, int rc, read = 0, rbuf_len, active = 0, ahash_rc = 0; struct ahash_request *req; struct scatterlist sg[1]; - struct ahash_completion res; + struct crypto_wait wait; size_t rbuf_size[2]; hash->length = crypto_ahash_digestsize(tfm); @@ -242,12 +220,12 @@ static int ima_calc_file_hash_atfm(struct file *file, if (!req) return -ENOMEM; - init_completion(&res.completion); + crypto_init_wait(&wait); ahash_request_set_callback(req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG | CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_SLEEP, - ahash_complete, &res); + crypto_req_done, &wait); - rc = ahash_wait(crypto_ahash_init(req), &res); + rc = ahash_wait(crypto_ahash_init(req), &wait); if (rc) goto out1; @@ -288,7 +266,7 @@ static int ima_calc_file_hash_atfm(struct file *file, * read/request, wait for the completion of the * previous ahash_update() request. */ - rc = ahash_wait(ahash_rc, &res); + rc = ahash_wait(ahash_rc, &wait); if (rc) goto out3; } @@ -304,7 +282,7 @@ static int ima_calc_file_hash_atfm(struct file *file, * read/request, wait for the completion of the * previous ahash_update() request. */ - rc = ahash_wait(ahash_rc, &res); + rc = ahash_wait(ahash_rc, &wait); if (rc) goto out3; } @@ -318,7 +296,7 @@ static int ima_calc_file_hash_atfm(struct file *file, active = !active; /* swap buffers, if we use two */ } /* wait for the last update request to complete */ - rc = ahash_wait(ahash_rc, &res); + rc = ahash_wait(ahash_rc, &wait); out3: if (read) file->f_mode &= ~FMODE_READ; @@ -327,7 +305,7 @@ out3: out2: if (!rc) { ahash_request_set_crypt(req, NULL, hash->digest, 0); - rc = ahash_wait(crypto_ahash_final(req), &res); + rc = ahash_wait(crypto_ahash_final(req), &wait); } out1: ahash_request_free(req); @@ -441,6 +419,16 @@ int ima_calc_file_hash(struct file *file, struct ima_digest_data *hash) loff_t i_size; int rc; + /* + * For consistency, fail file's opened with the O_DIRECT flag on + * filesystems mounted with/without DAX option. + */ + if (file->f_flags & O_DIRECT) { + hash->length = hash_digest_size[ima_hash_algo]; + hash->algo = ima_hash_algo; + return -EINVAL; + } + i_size = i_size_read(file_inode(file)); if (ima_ahash_minsize && i_size >= ima_ahash_minsize) { @@ -527,7 +515,7 @@ static int calc_buffer_ahash_atfm(const void *buf, loff_t len, { struct ahash_request *req; struct scatterlist sg; - struct ahash_completion res; + struct crypto_wait wait; int rc, ahash_rc = 0; hash->length = crypto_ahash_digestsize(tfm); @@ -536,12 +524,12 @@ static int calc_buffer_ahash_atfm(const void *buf, loff_t len, if (!req) return -ENOMEM; - init_completion(&res.completion); + crypto_init_wait(&wait); ahash_request_set_callback(req, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_BACKLOG | CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_MAY_SLEEP, - ahash_complete, &res); + crypto_req_done, &wait); - rc = ahash_wait(crypto_ahash_init(req), &res); + rc = ahash_wait(crypto_ahash_init(req), &wait); if (rc) goto out; @@ -551,10 +539,10 @@ static int calc_buffer_ahash_atfm(const void *buf, loff_t len, ahash_rc = crypto_ahash_update(req); /* wait for the update request to complete */ - rc = ahash_wait(ahash_rc, &res); + rc = ahash_wait(ahash_rc, &wait); if (!rc) { ahash_request_set_crypt(req, NULL, hash->digest, 0); - rc = ahash_wait(crypto_ahash_final(req), &res); + rc = ahash_wait(crypto_ahash_final(req), &wait); } out: ahash_request_free(req); diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_fs.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_fs.c index ad491c51e833..fa540c0469da 100644 --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_fs.c +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_fs.c @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ bool ima_canonical_fmt; static int __init default_canonical_fmt_setup(char *str) { #ifdef __BIG_ENDIAN - ima_canonical_fmt = 1; + ima_canonical_fmt = true; #endif return 1; } @@ -429,10 +429,10 @@ static int ima_release_policy(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) } ima_update_policy(); -#ifndef CONFIG_IMA_WRITE_POLICY +#if !defined(CONFIG_IMA_WRITE_POLICY) && !defined(CONFIG_IMA_READ_POLICY) securityfs_remove(ima_policy); ima_policy = NULL; -#else +#elif defined(CONFIG_IMA_WRITE_POLICY) clear_bit(IMA_FS_BUSY, &ima_fs_flags); #endif return 0; diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_main.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_main.c index 2aebb7984437..770654694efc 100644 --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_main.c +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_main.c @@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ static int __init hash_setup(char *str) ima_hash_algo = HASH_ALGO_SHA1; else if (strncmp(str, "md5", 3) == 0) ima_hash_algo = HASH_ALGO_MD5; + else + return 1; goto out; } @@ -60,6 +62,8 @@ static int __init hash_setup(char *str) break; } } + if (i == HASH_ALGO__LAST) + return 1; out: hash_setup_done = 1; return 1; @@ -235,11 +239,8 @@ static int process_measurement(struct file *file, char *buf, loff_t size, hash_algo = ima_get_hash_algo(xattr_value, xattr_len); rc = ima_collect_measurement(iint, file, buf, size, hash_algo); - if (rc != 0) { - if (file->f_flags & O_DIRECT) - rc = (iint->flags & IMA_PERMIT_DIRECTIO) ? 0 : -EACCES; + if (rc != 0 && rc != -EBADF && rc != -EINVAL) goto out_digsig; - } if (!pathbuf) /* ima_rdwr_violation possibly pre-fetched */ pathname = ima_d_path(&file->f_path, &pathbuf, filename); @@ -247,12 +248,14 @@ static int process_measurement(struct file *file, char *buf, loff_t size, if (action & IMA_MEASURE) ima_store_measurement(iint, file, pathname, xattr_value, xattr_len, pcr); - if (action & IMA_APPRAISE_SUBMASK) + if (rc == 0 && (action & IMA_APPRAISE_SUBMASK)) rc = ima_appraise_measurement(func, iint, file, pathname, xattr_value, xattr_len, opened); if (action & IMA_AUDIT) ima_audit_measurement(iint, pathname); + if ((file->f_flags & O_DIRECT) && (iint->flags & IMA_PERMIT_DIRECTIO)) + rc = 0; out_digsig: if ((mask & MAY_WRITE) && (iint->flags & IMA_DIGSIG) && !(iint->flags & IMA_NEW_FILE)) @@ -359,12 +362,12 @@ void ima_post_path_mknod(struct dentry *dentry) */ int ima_read_file(struct file *file, enum kernel_read_file_id read_id) { + bool sig_enforce = is_module_sig_enforced(); + if (!file && read_id == READING_MODULE) { -#ifndef CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE - if ((ima_appraise & IMA_APPRAISE_MODULES) && + if (!sig_enforce && (ima_appraise & IMA_APPRAISE_MODULES) && (ima_appraise & IMA_APPRAISE_ENFORCE)) return -EACCES; /* INTEGRITY_UNKNOWN */ -#endif return 0; /* We rely on module signature checking */ } return 0; @@ -406,6 +409,10 @@ int ima_post_read_file(struct file *file, void *buf, loff_t size, if (!file && read_id == READING_MODULE) /* MODULE_SIG_FORCE enabled */ return 0; + /* permit signed certs */ + if (!file && read_id == READING_X509_CERTIFICATE) + return 0; + if (!file || !buf || size == 0) { /* should never happen */ if (ima_appraise & IMA_APPRAISE_ENFORCE) return -EACCES; diff --git a/security/integrity/ima/ima_policy.c b/security/integrity/ima/ima_policy.c index 95209a5f8595..ee4613fa5840 100644 --- a/security/integrity/ima/ima_policy.c +++ b/security/integrity/ima/ima_policy.c @@ -196,9 +196,9 @@ static int __init policy_setup(char *str) if ((strcmp(p, "tcb") == 0) && !ima_policy) ima_policy = DEFAULT_TCB; else if (strcmp(p, "appraise_tcb") == 0) - ima_use_appraise_tcb = 1; + ima_use_appraise_tcb = true; else if (strcmp(p, "secure_boot") == 0) - ima_use_secure_boot = 1; + ima_use_secure_boot = true; } return 1; @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ __setup("ima_policy=", policy_setup); static int __init default_appraise_policy_setup(char *str) { - ima_use_appraise_tcb = 1; + ima_use_appraise_tcb = true; return 1; } __setup("ima_appraise_tcb", default_appraise_policy_setup); diff --git a/security/integrity/integrity.h b/security/integrity/integrity.h index a53e7e4ab06c..e1bf040fb110 100644 --- a/security/integrity/integrity.h +++ b/security/integrity/integrity.h @@ -120,8 +120,6 @@ struct integrity_iint_cache *integrity_iint_find(struct inode *inode); int integrity_kernel_read(struct file *file, loff_t offset, void *addr, unsigned long count); -int __init integrity_read_file(const char *path, char **data); - #define INTEGRITY_KEYRING_EVM 0 #define INTEGRITY_KEYRING_IMA 1 #define INTEGRITY_KEYRING_MODULE 2 |