License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier.  The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
 - file had no licensing information it it.
 - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
 - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne.  Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed.  Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
 - Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
 - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
   lines of source
 - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
   lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

 - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
   considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
   COPYING file license applied.

   For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0                                              11139

   and resulted in the first patch in this series.

   If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
   Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0".  Results of that was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        930

   and resulted in the second patch in this series.

 - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
   of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
   any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
   it (per prior point).  Results summary:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                       270
   GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      169
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause)    21
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    17
   LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      15
   GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       14
   ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    5
   LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       4
   LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT)              3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT)             1

   and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

 - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
   the concluded license(s).

 - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
   license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
   licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

 - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
   resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
   which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

 - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
   confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

 - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
   the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
   in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights.  The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
 - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
   license ids and scores
 - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
   files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
 - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
   was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
   SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction.  This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg.  Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected.  This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.)  Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.

Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

23 files changed, 23 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/drivers/xen/Makefile b/drivers/xen/Makefile
index caaa15dc37bc..d3930ecaf11d 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/xen/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 obj-$(CONFIG_HOTPLUG_CPU)		+= cpu_hotplug.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_X86)			+= fallback.o
 obj-y	+= grant-table.o features.o balloon.o manage.o preempt.o time.o
diff --git a/drivers/xen/biomerge.c b/drivers/xen/biomerge.c
index 1bdd02a6d6ac..30d7f52eb7ca 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/biomerge.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/biomerge.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <linux/bio.h>
 #include <linux/io.h>
 #include <linux/export.h>
diff --git a/drivers/xen/cpu_hotplug.c b/drivers/xen/cpu_hotplug.c
index 0003912a8111..d4265c8ebb22 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/cpu_hotplug.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/cpu_hotplug.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #define pr_fmt(fmt) "xen:" KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
 
 #include <linux/notifier.h>
diff --git a/drivers/xen/events/events_2l.c b/drivers/xen/events/events_2l.c
index bdff01095f54..8edef51c92e5 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/events/events_2l.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/events/events_2l.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * Xen event channels (2-level ABI)
  *
diff --git a/drivers/xen/time.c b/drivers/xen/time.c
index ac5f23fcafc2..a63fedbdcbe9 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/time.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/time.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * Xen stolen ticks accounting.
  */
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/Makefile b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/Makefile
index ffe0ad3438bd..e8d981d43235 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 obj-$(CONFIG_XEN_PCIDEV_BACKEND) += xen-pciback.o
 
 xen-pciback-y := pci_stub.o pciback_ops.o xenbus.o
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space.c b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space.c
index 9e9286d0872e..60111719b01f 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * PCI Backend - Functions for creating a virtual configuration space for
  *               exported PCI Devices.
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space.h b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space.h
index 62461a8ba1d6..22db630717ea 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space.h
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  * PCI Backend - Common data structures for overriding the configuration space
  *
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_capability.c b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_capability.c
index 7f83e9083e9d..73427d8e0116 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_capability.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_capability.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * PCI Backend - Handles the virtual fields found on the capability lists
  *               in the configuration space.
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_header.c b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_header.c
index 5b3d57fc82d3..10ae24b5a76e 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_header.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_header.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * PCI Backend - Handles the virtual fields in the configuration space headers.
  *
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_quirks.c b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_quirks.c
index 7476791cab40..89d9744ece61 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_quirks.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_quirks.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * PCI Backend - Handle special overlays for broken devices.
  *
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_quirks.h b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_quirks.h
index cfcc517e4570..d873abe35bf6 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_quirks.h
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/conf_space_quirks.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  * PCI Backend - Data structures for special overlays for broken devices.
  *
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/passthrough.c b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/passthrough.c
index f16a30e2a110..66e9b814cc86 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/passthrough.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/passthrough.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * PCI Backend - Provides restricted access to the real PCI bus topology
  *               to the frontend
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/pciback.h b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/pciback.h
index 7af369b6aaa2..263c059bff90 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/pciback.h
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/pciback.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  * PCI Backend Common Data Structures & Function Declarations
  *
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/pciback_ops.c b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/pciback_ops.c
index f8c77751f330..ee2c891b55c6 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/pciback_ops.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/pciback_ops.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * PCI Backend Operations - respond to PCI requests from Frontend
  *
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/vpci.c b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/vpci.c
index c99f8bb1c56c..f6ba18191c0f 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/vpci.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/vpci.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * PCI Backend - Provides a Virtual PCI bus (with real devices)
  *               to the frontend
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/xenbus.c b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/xenbus.c
index 3814b44bf1f7..581c4e1a8b82 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/xenbus.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-pciback/xenbus.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * PCI Backend Xenbus Setup - handles setup with frontend and xend
  *
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xen-selfballoon.c b/drivers/xen/xen-selfballoon.c
index a67e955cacd1..55988b8418ee 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xen-selfballoon.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xen-selfballoon.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /******************************************************************************
  * Xen selfballoon driver (and optional frontswap self-shrinking driver)
  *
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xenbus/Makefile b/drivers/xen/xenbus/Makefile
index 31e2e9050c7a..0c7532110815 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xenbus/Makefile
+++ b/drivers/xen/xenbus/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 obj-y	+= xenbus.o
 obj-y	+= xenbus_dev_frontend.o
 
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xenbus/xenbus_dev_backend.c b/drivers/xen/xenbus/xenbus_dev_backend.c
index 1126701e212e..edba5fecde4d 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xenbus/xenbus_dev_backend.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xenbus/xenbus_dev_backend.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
 
 #include <linux/slab.h>
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xenfs/xenfs.h b/drivers/xen/xenfs/xenfs.h
index 2c5934ea9b1e..cfe4874b83a7 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xenfs/xenfs.h
+++ b/drivers/xen/xenfs/xenfs.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 #ifndef _XENFS_XENBUS_H
 #define _XENFS_XENBUS_H
 
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xenfs/xenstored.c b/drivers/xen/xenfs/xenstored.c
index 82fd2a396d96..f59235f9f8a2 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xenfs/xenstored.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xenfs/xenstored.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <linux/slab.h>
 #include <linux/types.h>
 #include <linux/mm.h>
diff --git a/drivers/xen/xenfs/xensyms.c b/drivers/xen/xenfs/xensyms.c
index c6e2b4a542ea..c6c73a33c44d 100644
--- a/drivers/xen/xenfs/xensyms.c
+++ b/drivers/xen/xenfs/xensyms.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <linux/init.h>
 #include <linux/seq_file.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>