<feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'>
<title>kernel/linux.git/tools/perf/util/stat.c, branch v6.1.168</title>
<subtitle>Linux kernel stable tree (mirror)</subtitle>
<id>https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/atom?h=v6.1.168</id>
<link rel='self' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/atom?h=v6.1.168'/>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/'/>
<updated>2023-03-17T07:50:24+00:00</updated>
<entry>
<title>perf stat: Fix counting when initial delay configured</title>
<updated>2023-03-17T07:50:24+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Changbin Du</name>
<email>changbin.du@huawei.com</email>
</author>
<published>2023-03-02T03:11:44+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=0b30a06b20e9397441b20b2d47143e7b206665cc'/>
<id>urn:sha1:0b30a06b20e9397441b20b2d47143e7b206665cc</id>
<content type='text'>
[ Upstream commit 25f69c69bc3ca8c781a94473f28d443d745768e3 ]

When creating counters with initial delay configured, the enable_on_exec
field is not set. So we need to enable the counters later. The problem
is, when a workload is specified the target__none() is true. So we also
need to check stat_config.initial_delay.

In this change, we add a new field 'initial_delay' for struct target
which could be shared by other subcommands. And define
target__enable_on_exec() which returns whether enable_on_exec should be
set on normal cases.

Before this fix the event is not counted:

  $ ./perf stat -e instructions -D 100 sleep 2
  Events disabled
  Events enabled

   Performance counter stats for 'sleep 2':

       &lt;not counted&gt;      instructions

         1.901661124 seconds time elapsed

         0.001602000 seconds user
         0.000000000 seconds sys

After fix it works:

  $ ./perf stat -e instructions -D 100 sleep 2
  Events disabled
  Events enabled

   Performance counter stats for 'sleep 2':

             404,214      instructions

         1.901743475 seconds time elapsed

         0.001617000 seconds user
         0.000000000 seconds sys

Fixes: c587e77e100fa40e ("perf stat: Do not delay the workload with --delay")
Signed-off-by: Changbin Du &lt;changbin.du@huawei.com&gt;
Acked-by: Namhyung Kim &lt;namhyung@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Alexander Shishkin &lt;alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Hui Wang &lt;hw.huiwang@huawei.com&gt;
Cc: Ingo Molnar &lt;mingo@redhat.com&gt;
Cc: Jiri Olsa &lt;jolsa@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Mark Rutland &lt;mark.rutland@arm.com&gt;
Cc: Namhyung Kim &lt;namhyung@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Peter Zijlstra &lt;peterz@infradead.org&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230302031146.2801588-2-changbin.du@huawei.com
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin &lt;sashal@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>perf stat: Use thread map index for shadow stat</title>
<updated>2022-10-06T11:03:53+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Namhyung Kim</name>
<email>namhyung@kernel.org</email>
</author>
<published>2022-09-30T20:21:07+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=87ae87fd6c61c93a93b79c6c6c8ec5f47e4839dd'/>
<id>urn:sha1:87ae87fd6c61c93a93b79c6c6c8ec5f47e4839dd</id>
<content type='text'>
When AGGR_THREAD is active, it aggregates the values for each thread.
Previously it used cpu map index which is invalid for AGGR_THREAD so
it had to use separate runtime stats with index 0.

But it can just use the rt_stat with thread_map_index.  Rename the
first_shadow_map_idx() and make it return the thread index.

Reviewed-by: James Clark &lt;james.clark@arm.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim &lt;namhyung@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Adrian Hunter &lt;adrian.hunter@intel.com&gt;
Cc: Andi Kleen &lt;ak@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Ian Rogers &lt;irogers@google.com&gt;
Cc: Ingo Molnar &lt;mingo@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Jiri Olsa &lt;jolsa@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Kan Liang &lt;kan.liang@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Leo Yan &lt;leo.yan@linaro.org&gt;
Cc: Peter Zijlstra &lt;peterz@infradead.org&gt;
Cc: Xing Zhengjun &lt;zhengjun.xing@linux.intel.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220930202110.845199-5-namhyung@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>perf stat: Don't call perf_stat_evsel_id_init() repeatedly</title>
<updated>2022-10-06T11:03:53+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Namhyung Kim</name>
<email>namhyung@kernel.org</email>
</author>
<published>2022-09-30T20:21:05+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=429b8e84517b0ccdb3feace4b264c74ab61b16b0'/>
<id>urn:sha1:429b8e84517b0ccdb3feace4b264c74ab61b16b0</id>
<content type='text'>
evsel__reset_stat_priv() is called more than once if user gave -r option
for multiple runs.  But it doesn't need to re-initialize the id.

Reviewed-by: James Clark &lt;james.clark@arm.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim &lt;namhyung@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Adrian Hunter &lt;adrian.hunter@intel.com&gt;
Cc: Andi Kleen &lt;ak@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Ian Rogers &lt;irogers@google.com&gt;
Cc: Ingo Molnar &lt;mingo@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Jiri Olsa &lt;jolsa@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Kan Liang &lt;kan.liang@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Leo Yan &lt;leo.yan@linaro.org&gt;
Cc: Peter Zijlstra &lt;peterz@infradead.org&gt;
Cc: Xing Zhengjun &lt;zhengjun.xing@linux.intel.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220930202110.845199-3-namhyung@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>perf stat: Convert perf_stat_evsel.res_stats array</title>
<updated>2022-10-06T11:03:53+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Namhyung Kim</name>
<email>namhyung@kernel.org</email>
</author>
<published>2022-09-30T20:21:04+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=66b76e30ee36c0c58836bf91b8602f5f2c94093a'/>
<id>urn:sha1:66b76e30ee36c0c58836bf91b8602f5f2c94093a</id>
<content type='text'>
It uses only one member, no need to have it as an array.

Reviewed-by: James Clark &lt;james.clark@arm.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim &lt;namhyung@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Adrian Hunter &lt;adrian.hunter@intel.com&gt;
Cc: Andi Kleen &lt;ak@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Ian Rogers &lt;irogers@google.com&gt;
Cc: Ingo Molnar &lt;mingo@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Jiri Olsa &lt;jolsa@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Kan Liang &lt;kan.liang@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Leo Yan &lt;leo.yan@linaro.org&gt;
Cc: Peter Zijlstra &lt;peterz@infradead.org&gt;
Cc: Xing Zhengjun &lt;zhengjun.xing@linux.intel.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220930202110.845199-2-namhyung@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>perf tools: Remove special handling of system-wide evsel</title>
<updated>2022-10-06T11:03:53+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Namhyung Kim</name>
<email>namhyung@kernel.org</email>
</author>
<published>2022-10-03T20:46:47+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=1337b9dcb03b1c81448eed1b70296148f62730b8'/>
<id>urn:sha1:1337b9dcb03b1c81448eed1b70296148f62730b8</id>
<content type='text'>
For system-wide evsels, the thread map should be dummy - i.e. it has a
single entry of -1.  But the code guarantees such a thread map, so no
need to handle it specially.

No functional change intended.

Reviewed-by: Adrian Hunter &lt;adrian.hunter@intel.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Namhyung Kim &lt;namhyung@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Ian Rogers &lt;irogers@google.com&gt;
Cc: Ingo Molnar &lt;mingo@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Jiri Olsa &lt;jolsa@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Kan Liang &lt;kan.liang@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Leo Yan &lt;leo.yan@linaro.org&gt;
Cc: Peter Zijlstra &lt;peterz@infradead.org&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221003204647.1481128-6-namhyung@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>perf hashmap: Tidy hashmap dependency</title>
<updated>2022-10-04T11:55:19+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Ian Rogers</name>
<email>irogers@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-08-24T05:06:04+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=bdf4572555652074272d7dd1c694674efe60bea6'/>
<id>urn:sha1:bdf4572555652074272d7dd1c694674efe60bea6</id>
<content type='text'>
When libbpf is present the build uses definitions in libbpf hashmap.c,
however, libbpf's hashmap.h wasn't being used. Switch to using the
correct hashmap.h dependent on the define HAVE_LIBBPF_SUPPORT. This was
the original intent in:

  https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20200515221732.44078-8-irogers@google.com/

Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers &lt;irogers@google.com&gt;
Cc: Alexander Shishkin &lt;alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Jiri Olsa &lt;jolsa@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Mark Rutland &lt;mark.rutland@arm.com&gt;
Cc: Namhyung Kim &lt;namhyung@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Peter Zijlstra &lt;peterz@infradead.org&gt;
Cc: Stephane Eranian &lt;eranian@google.com&gt;
Link: http://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220824050604.352156-1-irogers@google.com
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>perf stat: Add JSON output option</title>
<updated>2022-08-10T13:43:29+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Claire Jensen</name>
<email>cjense@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-08-05T20:01:04+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=df936cadfb58ba93601ac351ab6fc2e2650cf591'/>
<id>urn:sha1:df936cadfb58ba93601ac351ab6fc2e2650cf591</id>
<content type='text'>
CSV output is tricky to format and column layout changes are susceptible
to breaking parsers. New JSON-formatted output has variable names to
identify fields that are consistent and informative, making the output
parseable.

CSV output example:

  1.20,msec,task-clock:u,1204272,100.00,0.697,CPUs utilized
  0,,context-switches:u,1204272,100.00,0.000,/sec
  0,,cpu-migrations:u,1204272,100.00,0.000,/sec
  70,,page-faults:u,1204272,100.00,58.126,K/sec

JSON output example:

  {"counter-value" : "3805.723968", "unit" : "msec", "event" :
  "cpu-clock", "event-runtime" : 3805731510100.00, "pcnt-running"
  : 100.00, "metric-value" : 4.007571, "metric-unit" : "CPUs utilized"}
  {"counter-value" : "6166.000000", "unit" : "", "event" :
  "context-switches", "event-runtime" : 3805723045100.00, "pcnt-running"
  : 100.00, "metric-value" : 1.620191, "metric-unit" : "K/sec"}
  {"counter-value" : "466.000000", "unit" : "", "event" :
  "cpu-migrations", "event-runtime" : 3805727613100.00, "pcnt-running"
  : 100.00, "metric-value" : 122.447136, "metric-unit" : "/sec"}
  {"counter-value" : "208.000000", "unit" : "", "event" :
  "page-faults", "event-runtime" : 3805726799100.00, "pcnt-running"
  : 100.00, "metric-value" : 54.654516, "metric-unit" : "/sec"}

Also added documentation for JSON option.

There is some tidy up of CSV code including a potential memory over run
in the os.nfields set up. To facilitate this an AGGR_MAX value is added.

Committer notes:

Fixed up using PRIu64 to format u64 values, not %lu.

Committer testing:

  ⬢[acme@toolbox perf]$ perf stat -j sleep 1
  {"counter-value" : "0.731750", "unit" : "msec", "event" : "task-clock:u", "event-runtime" : 731750, "pcnt-running" : 100.00, "metric-value" : 0.000731, "metric-unit" : "CPUs utilized"}
  {"counter-value" : "0.000000", "unit" : "", "event" : "context-switches:u", "event-runtime" : 731750, "pcnt-running" : 100.00, "metric-value" : 0.000000, "metric-unit" : "/sec"}
  {"counter-value" : "0.000000", "unit" : "", "event" : "cpu-migrations:u", "event-runtime" : 731750, "pcnt-running" : 100.00, "metric-value" : 0.000000, "metric-unit" : "/sec"}
  {"counter-value" : "75.000000", "unit" : "", "event" : "page-faults:u", "event-runtime" : 731750, "pcnt-running" : 100.00, "metric-value" : 102.494021, "metric-unit" : "K/sec"}
  {"counter-value" : "578765.000000", "unit" : "", "event" : "cycles:u", "event-runtime" : 379366, "pcnt-running" : 49.00, "metric-value" : 0.790933, "metric-unit" : "GHz"}
  {"counter-value" : "1298.000000", "unit" : "", "event" : "stalled-cycles-frontend:u", "event-runtime" : 768020, "pcnt-running" : 100.00, "metric-value" : 0.224271, "metric-unit" : "frontend cycles idle"}
  {"counter-value" : "21984.000000", "unit" : "", "event" : "stalled-cycles-backend:u", "event-runtime" : 768020, "pcnt-running" : 100.00, "metric-value" : 3.798433, "metric-unit" : "backend cycles idle"}
  {"counter-value" : "468197.000000", "unit" : "", "event" : "instructions:u", "event-runtime" : 768020, "pcnt-running" : 100.00, "metric-value" : 0.808959, "metric-unit" : "insn per cycle"}
  {"metric-value" : 0.046955, "metric-unit" : "stalled cycles per insn"}
  {"counter-value" : "103335.000000", "unit" : "", "event" : "branches:u", "event-runtime" : 768020, "pcnt-running" : 100.00, "metric-value" : 141.216262, "metric-unit" : "M/sec"}
  {"counter-value" : "2381.000000", "unit" : "", "event" : "branch-misses:u", "event-runtime" : 388654, "pcnt-running" : 50.00, "metric-value" : 2.304156, "metric-unit" : "of all branches"}
  ⬢[acme@toolbox perf]$

Signed-off-by: Claire Jensen &lt;cjense@google.com&gt;
Acked-by: Namhyung Kim &lt;namhyung@kernel.org&gt;
Tested-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
Cc: Alexander Shishkin &lt;alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Alyssa Ross &lt;hi@alyssa.is&gt;
Cc: Claire Jensen &lt;clairej735@gmail.com&gt;
Cc: Florian Fischer &lt;florian.fischer@muhq.space&gt;
Cc: Ingo Molnar &lt;mingo@redhat.com&gt;
Cc: James Clark &lt;james.clark@arm.com&gt;
Cc: Jiri Olsa &lt;jolsa@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Kan Liang &lt;kan.liang@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Like Xu &lt;likexu@tencent.com&gt;
Cc: Mark Rutland &lt;mark.rutland@arm.com&gt;
Cc: Peter Zijlstra &lt;peterz@infradead.org&gt;
Cc: Sandipan Das &lt;sandipan.das@amd.com&gt;
Cc: Stephane Eranian &lt;eranian@google.com&gt;
Cc: Xing Zhengjun &lt;zhengjun.xing@linux.intel.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220805200105.2020995-2-irogers@google.com
Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers &lt;irogers@google.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>perf stat: Make use of index clearer with perf_counts</title>
<updated>2022-05-23T12:54:02+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Ian Rogers</name>
<email>irogers@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-05-19T03:20:05+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=0b9462d0ac10627368cf47cd4125714004d99b7f'/>
<id>urn:sha1:0b9462d0ac10627368cf47cd4125714004d99b7f</id>
<content type='text'>
Try to disambiguate further when perf_counts is being accessed it is
with a cpu map index rather than a CPU.

Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers &lt;irogers@google.com&gt;
Cc: Alexander Shishkin &lt;alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Alexei Starovoitov &lt;ast@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Andrii Nakryiko &lt;andrii@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Daniel Borkmann &lt;daniel@iogearbox.net&gt;
Cc: Dave Marchevsky &lt;davemarchevsky@fb.com&gt;
Cc: Ingo Molnar &lt;mingo@redhat.com&gt;
Cc: James Clark &lt;james.clark@arm.com&gt;
Cc: Jiri Olsa &lt;jolsa@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: John Fastabend &lt;john.fastabend@gmail.com&gt;
Cc: KP Singh &lt;kpsingh@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Kan Liang &lt;kan.liang@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Lv Ruyi &lt;lv.ruyi@zte.com.cn&gt;
Cc: Mark Rutland &lt;mark.rutland@arm.com&gt;
Cc: Martin KaFai Lau &lt;kafai@fb.com&gt;
Cc: Michael Petlan &lt;mpetlan@redhat.com&gt;
Cc: Namhyung Kim &lt;namhyung@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Peter Zijlstra &lt;peterz@infradead.org&gt;
Cc: Quentin Monnet &lt;quentin@isovalent.com&gt;
Cc: Song Liu &lt;songliubraving@fb.com&gt;
Cc: Stephane Eranian &lt;eranian@google.com&gt;
Cc: Xing Zhengjun &lt;zhengjun.xing@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Yonghong Song &lt;yhs@fb.com&gt;
Cc: bpf@vger.kernel.org
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220519032005.1273691-6-irogers@google.com
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Merge remote-tracking branch 'torvalds/master' into perf/core</title>
<updated>2022-05-23T12:32:49+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo</name>
<email>acme@redhat.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-05-23T12:32:49+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=0869331fbaa2c11c9e94e45305d17ce447189a0a'/>
<id>urn:sha1:0869331fbaa2c11c9e94e45305d17ce447189a0a</id>
<content type='text'>
To get the rest of 5.18.

Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>perf stat: Fix and validate CPU map inputs in synthetic PERF_RECORD_STAT events</title>
<updated>2022-05-20T13:54:06+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Ian Rogers</name>
<email>irogers@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-05-19T03:20:01+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=92d579ea3279aa87392b862df5810f0a7e30fcc6'/>
<id>urn:sha1:92d579ea3279aa87392b862df5810f0a7e30fcc6</id>
<content type='text'>
Stat events can come from disk and so need a degree of validation. They
contain a CPU which needs looking up via CPU map to access a counter.

Add the CPU to index translation, alongside validity checking.

Discussion thread:

  https://lore.kernel.org/linux-perf-users/CAP-5=fWQR=sCuiSMktvUtcbOLidEpUJLCybVF6=BRvORcDOq+g@mail.gmail.com/

Fixes: 7ac0089d138f80dc ("perf evsel: Pass cpu not cpu map index to synthesize")
Reported-by: Michael Petlan &lt;mpetlan@redhat.com&gt;
Suggested-by: Michael Petlan &lt;mpetlan@redhat.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Ian Rogers &lt;irogers@google.com&gt;
Cc: Alexander Shishkin &lt;alexander.shishkin@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Alexei Starovoitov &lt;ast@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Andrii Nakryiko &lt;andrii@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Daniel Borkmann &lt;daniel@iogearbox.net&gt;
Cc: Dave Marchevsky &lt;davemarchevsky@fb.com&gt;
Cc: Ian Rogers &lt;irogers@google.com&gt;
Cc: James Clark &lt;james.clark@arm.com&gt;
Cc: Jiri Olsa &lt;jolsa@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: John Fastabend &lt;john.fastabend@gmail.com&gt;
Cc: Kan Liang &lt;kan.liang@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: KP Singh &lt;kpsingh@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: Lv Ruyi &lt;lv.ruyi@zte.com.cn&gt;
Cc: Mark Rutland &lt;mark.rutland@arm.com&gt;
Cc: Martin KaFai Lau &lt;kafai@fb.com&gt;
Cc: Michael Petlan &lt;mpetlan@redhat.com&gt;
Cc: Namhyung Kim &lt;namhyung@kernel.org&gt;
Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Peter Zijlstra &lt;peterz@infradead.org&gt;
Cc: Quentin Monnet &lt;quentin@isovalent.com&gt;
Cc: Song Liu &lt;songliubraving@fb.com&gt;
Cc: Stephane Eranian &lt;eranian@google.com&gt;
Cc: Xing Zhengjun &lt;zhengjun.xing@linux.intel.com&gt;
Cc: Yonghong Song &lt;yhs@fb.com&gt;
Link: http://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220519032005.1273691-2-irogers@google.com
Signed-off-by: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@redhat.com&gt;
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