<feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom'>
<title>kernel/linux.git/net/ipv6/ping.c, branch v6.1.168</title>
<subtitle>Linux kernel stable tree (mirror)</subtitle>
<id>https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/atom?h=v6.1.168</id>
<link rel='self' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/atom?h=v6.1.168'/>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/'/>
<updated>2024-01-10T16:10:23+00:00</updated>
<entry>
<title>net: annotate data-races around sk-&gt;sk_tsflags</title>
<updated>2024-01-10T16:10:23+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Eric Dumazet</name>
<email>edumazet@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2023-08-31T13:52:11+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=c48fcb4f49061b8bdda946474215ba8c4e8c27b6'/>
<id>urn:sha1:c48fcb4f49061b8bdda946474215ba8c4e8c27b6</id>
<content type='text'>
[ Upstream commit e3390b30a5dfb112e8e802a59c0f68f947b638b2 ]

sk-&gt;sk_tsflags can be read locklessly, add corresponding annotations.

Fixes: b9f40e21ef42 ("net-timestamp: move timestamp flags out of sk_flags")
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Cc: Willem de Bruijn &lt;willemb@google.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
Stable-dep-of: 7f6ca95d16b9 ("net: Implement missing getsockopt(SO_TIMESTAMPING_NEW)")
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin &lt;sashal@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: annotate data-races around sk-&gt;sk_mark</title>
<updated>2023-08-11T10:08:14+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Eric Dumazet</name>
<email>edumazet@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2023-07-28T15:03:15+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=b53468041d20177c8b8808d1891c0145718ceadf'/>
<id>urn:sha1:b53468041d20177c8b8808d1891c0145718ceadf</id>
<content type='text'>
[ Upstream commit 3c5b4d69c358a9275a8de98f87caf6eda644b086 ]

sk-&gt;sk_mark is often read while another thread could change the value.

Fixes: 4a19ec5800fc ("[NET]: Introducing socket mark socket option.")
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin &lt;sashal@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>ping6: Fix send to link-local addresses with VRF.</title>
<updated>2023-06-21T14:00:58+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Guillaume Nault</name>
<email>gnault@redhat.com</email>
</author>
<published>2023-06-07T16:05:02+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=a4a912aee14e8fa4f136da849e9c9197789fa347'/>
<id>urn:sha1:a4a912aee14e8fa4f136da849e9c9197789fa347</id>
<content type='text'>
[ Upstream commit 91ffd1bae1dafbb9e34b46813f5b058581d9144d ]

Ping sockets can't send packets when they're bound to a VRF master
device and the output interface is set to a slave device.

For example, when net.ipv4.ping_group_range is properly set, so that
ping6 can use ping sockets, the following kind of commands fails:
  $ ip vrf exec red ping6 fe80::854:e7ff:fe88:4bf1%eth1

What happens is that sk-&gt;sk_bound_dev_if is set to the VRF master
device, but 'oif' is set to the real output device. Since both are set
but different, ping_v6_sendmsg() sees their value as inconsistent and
fails.

Fix this by allowing 'oif' to be a slave device of -&gt;sk_bound_dev_if.

This fixes the following kselftest failure:
  $ ./fcnal-test.sh -t ipv6_ping
  [...]
  TEST: ping out, vrf device+address bind - ns-B IPv6 LLA        [FAIL]

Reported-by: Mirsad Todorovac &lt;mirsad.todorovac@alu.unizg.hr&gt;
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/b6191f90-ffca-dbca-7d06-88a9788def9c@alu.unizg.hr/
Tested-by: Mirsad Todorovac &lt;mirsad.todorovac@alu.unizg.hr&gt;
Fixes: 5e457896986e ("net: ipv6: Fix ping to link-local addresses.")
Signed-off-by: Guillaume Nault &lt;gnault@redhat.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/6c8b53108816a8d0d5705ae37bdc5a8322b5e3d9.1686153846.git.gnault@redhat.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin &lt;sashal@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>inet6: Remove inet6_destroy_sock() in sk-&gt;sk_prot-&gt;destroy().</title>
<updated>2023-04-26T12:28:43+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Kuniyuki Iwashima</name>
<email>kuniyu@amazon.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-10-19T22:35:59+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=a8cf1141057a04e9630e73a4d543f10a939980b2'/>
<id>urn:sha1:a8cf1141057a04e9630e73a4d543f10a939980b2</id>
<content type='text'>
commit b5fc29233d28be7a3322848ebe73ac327559cdb9 upstream.

After commit d38afeec26ed ("tcp/udp: Call inet6_destroy_sock()
in IPv6 sk-&gt;sk_destruct()."), we call inet6_destroy_sock() in
sk-&gt;sk_destruct() by setting inet6_sock_destruct() to it to make
sure we do not leak inet6-specific resources.

Now we can remove unnecessary inet6_destroy_sock() calls in
sk-&gt;sk_prot-&gt;destroy().

DCCP and SCTP have their own sk-&gt;sk_destruct() function, so we
change them separately in the following patches.

Signed-off-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima &lt;kuniyu@amazon.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Matthieu Baerts &lt;matthieu.baerts@tessares.net&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
Signed-off-by: Ziyang Xuan &lt;william.xuanziyang@huawei.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman &lt;gregkh@linuxfoundation.org&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>inet: ping: fix recent breakage</title>
<updated>2022-10-12T08:10:02+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Eric Dumazet</name>
<email>edumazet@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-10-11T21:27:29+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=0d24148bd276ead5708ef56a4725580555bb48a3'/>
<id>urn:sha1:0d24148bd276ead5708ef56a4725580555bb48a3</id>
<content type='text'>
Blamed commit broke the assumption used by ping sendmsg() that
allocated skb would have MAX_HEADER bytes in skb-&gt;head.

This patch changes the way ping works, by making sure
the skb head contains space for the icmp header,
and adjusting ping_getfrag() which was desperate
about going past the icmp header :/

This is adopting what UDP does, mostly.

syzbot is able to crash a host using both kfence and following repro in a loop.

fd = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_ICMPV6)
connect(fd, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(0), sin6_flowinfo=htonl(0),
		inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::1", &amp;sin6_addr), sin6_scope_id=0}, 28
sendmsg(fd, {msg_name=NULL, msg_namelen=0, msg_iov=[
		{iov_base="\200\0\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., iov_len=65496}],
		msg_iovlen=1, msg_controllen=0, msg_flags=0}, 0

When kfence triggers, skb-&gt;head only has 64 bytes, immediately followed
by struct skb_shared_info (no extra headroom based on ksize(ptr))

Then icmpv6_push_pending_frames() is overwriting first bytes
of skb_shinfo(skb), making nr_frags bigger than MAX_SKB_FRAGS,
and/or setting shinfo-&gt;gso_size to a non zero value.

If nr_frags is mangled, a crash happens in skb_release_data()

If gso_size is mangled, we have the following report:

lo: caps=(0x00000516401d7c69, 0x00000516401d7c69)
WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 7548 at net/core/dev.c:3239 skb_warn_bad_offload+0x119/0x230 net/core/dev.c:3239
Modules linked in:
CPU: 0 PID: 7548 Comm: syz-executor268 Not tainted 6.0.0-syzkaller-02754-g557f050166e5 #0
Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/22/2022
RIP: 0010:skb_warn_bad_offload+0x119/0x230 net/core/dev.c:3239
Code: 70 03 00 00 e8 58 c3 24 fa 4c 8d a5 e8 00 00 00 e8 4c c3 24 fa 4c 89 e9 4c 89 e2 4c 89 f6 48 c7 c7 00 53 f5 8a e8 13 ac e7 01 &lt;0f&gt; 0b 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e e9 28 c3 24 fa e8 23 c3 24 fa 48 89
RSP: 0018:ffffc9000366f3e8 EFLAGS: 00010282
RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff88807a9d9d00 RCX: 0000000000000000
RDX: ffff8880780c0000 RSI: ffffffff8160f6f8 RDI: fffff520006cde6f
RBP: ffff888079952000 R08: 0000000000000005 R09: 0000000000000000
R10: 0000000000000400 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff8880799520e8
R13: ffff88807a9da070 R14: ffff888079952000 R15: 0000000000000000
FS: 0000555556be6300(0000) GS:ffff8880b9a00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000
CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033
CR2: 0000000020010000 CR3: 000000006eb7b000 CR4: 00000000003506f0
DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000
DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400
Call Trace:
&lt;TASK&gt;
gso_features_check net/core/dev.c:3521 [inline]
netif_skb_features+0x83e/0xb90 net/core/dev.c:3554
validate_xmit_skb+0x2b/0xf10 net/core/dev.c:3659
__dev_queue_xmit+0x998/0x3ad0 net/core/dev.c:4248
dev_queue_xmit include/linux/netdevice.h:3008 [inline]
neigh_hh_output include/net/neighbour.h:530 [inline]
neigh_output include/net/neighbour.h:544 [inline]
ip6_finish_output2+0xf97/0x1520 net/ipv6/ip6_output.c:134
__ip6_finish_output net/ipv6/ip6_output.c:195 [inline]
ip6_finish_output+0x690/0x1160 net/ipv6/ip6_output.c:206
NF_HOOK_COND include/linux/netfilter.h:291 [inline]
ip6_output+0x1ed/0x540 net/ipv6/ip6_output.c:227
dst_output include/net/dst.h:445 [inline]
ip6_local_out+0xaf/0x1a0 net/ipv6/output_core.c:161
ip6_send_skb+0xb7/0x340 net/ipv6/ip6_output.c:1966
ip6_push_pending_frames+0xdd/0x100 net/ipv6/ip6_output.c:1986
icmpv6_push_pending_frames+0x2af/0x490 net/ipv6/icmp.c:303
ping_v6_sendmsg+0xc44/0x1190 net/ipv6/ping.c:190
inet_sendmsg+0x99/0xe0 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:819
sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:714 [inline]
sock_sendmsg+0xcf/0x120 net/socket.c:734
____sys_sendmsg+0x712/0x8c0 net/socket.c:2482
___sys_sendmsg+0x110/0x1b0 net/socket.c:2536
__sys_sendmsg+0xf3/0x1c0 net/socket.c:2565
do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]
do_syscall_64+0x35/0xb0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd
RIP: 0033:0x7f21aab42b89
Code: 28 00 00 00 75 05 48 83 c4 28 c3 e8 41 15 00 00 90 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 &lt;48&gt; 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 c7 c1 c0 ff ff ff f7 d8 64 89 01 48
RSP: 002b:00007fff1729d038 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e
RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000003 RCX: 00007f21aab42b89
RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000020000180 RDI: 0000000000000003
RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 000000000000000d R09: 000000000000000d
R10: 000000000000000d R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00007fff1729d050
R13: 00000000000f4240 R14: 0000000000021dd1 R15: 00007fff1729d044
&lt;/TASK&gt;

Fixes: 47cf88993c91 ("net: unify alloclen calculation for paged requests")
Reported-by: syzbot &lt;syzkaller@googlegroups.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Cc: Pavel Begunkov &lt;asml.silence@gmail.com&gt;
Cc: Lorenzo Colitti &lt;lorenzo@google.com&gt;
Cc: Willem de Bruijn &lt;willemb@google.com&gt;
Cc: Maciej Żenczykowski &lt;maze@google.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>bpf: Invoke cgroup/connect{4,6} programs for unprivileged ICMP ping</title>
<updated>2022-09-09T17:40:45+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>YiFei Zhu</name>
<email>zhuyifei@google.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-09-09T00:49:39+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=0ffe2412531e95a309d7f0bfe985fc4ca4d39de8'/>
<id>urn:sha1:0ffe2412531e95a309d7f0bfe985fc4ca4d39de8</id>
<content type='text'>
Usually when a TCP/UDP connection is initiated, we can bind the socket
to a specific IP attached to an interface in a cgroup/connect hook.
But for pings, this is impossible, as the hook is not being called.

This adds the hook invocation to unprivileged ICMP ping (i.e. ping
sockets created with SOCK_DGRAM IPPROTO_ICMP(V6) as opposed to
SOCK_RAW. Logic is mirrored from UDP sockets where the hook is invoked
during pre_connect, after a check for suficiently sized addr_len.

Signed-off-by: YiFei Zhu &lt;zhuyifei@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/5764914c252fad4cd134fb6664c6ede95f409412.1662682323.git.zhuyifei@google.com
Signed-off-by: Martin KaFai Lau &lt;martin.lau@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net</title>
<updated>2022-07-29T01:21:16+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Jakub Kicinski</name>
<email>kuba@kernel.org</email>
</author>
<published>2022-07-29T01:21:16+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=272ac32f566e3f925b20c231a2b30f6893aa258a'/>
<id>urn:sha1:272ac32f566e3f925b20c231a2b30f6893aa258a</id>
<content type='text'>
No conflicts.

Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: ping6: Fix memleak in ipv6_renew_options().</title>
<updated>2022-07-28T17:42:08+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Kuniyuki Iwashima</name>
<email>kuniyu@amazon.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-07-28T01:22:20+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=e27326009a3d247b831eda38878c777f6f4eb3d1'/>
<id>urn:sha1:e27326009a3d247b831eda38878c777f6f4eb3d1</id>
<content type='text'>
When we close ping6 sockets, some resources are left unfreed because
pingv6_prot is missing sk-&gt;sk_prot-&gt;destroy().  As reported by
syzbot [0], just three syscalls leak 96 bytes and easily cause OOM.

    struct ipv6_sr_hdr *hdr;
    char data[24] = {0};
    int fd;

    hdr = (struct ipv6_sr_hdr *)data;
    hdr-&gt;hdrlen = 2;
    hdr-&gt;type = IPV6_SRCRT_TYPE_4;

    fd = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, NEXTHDR_ICMP);
    setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_RTHDR, data, 24);
    close(fd);

To fix memory leaks, let's add a destroy function.

Note the socket() syscall checks if the GID is within the range of
net.ipv4.ping_group_range.  The default value is [1, 0] so that no
GID meets the condition (1 &lt;= GID &lt;= 0).  Thus, the local DoS does
not succeed until we change the default value.  However, at least
Ubuntu/Fedora/RHEL loosen it.

    $ cat /usr/lib/sysctl.d/50-default.conf
    ...
    -net.ipv4.ping_group_range = 0 2147483647

Also, there could be another path reported with these options, and
some of them require CAP_NET_RAW.

  setsockopt
      IPV6_ADDRFORM (inet6_sk(sk)-&gt;pktoptions)
      IPV6_RECVPATHMTU (inet6_sk(sk)-&gt;rxpmtu)
      IPV6_HOPOPTS (inet6_sk(sk)-&gt;opt)
      IPV6_RTHDRDSTOPTS (inet6_sk(sk)-&gt;opt)
      IPV6_RTHDR (inet6_sk(sk)-&gt;opt)
      IPV6_DSTOPTS (inet6_sk(sk)-&gt;opt)
      IPV6_2292PKTOPTIONS (inet6_sk(sk)-&gt;opt)

  getsockopt
      IPV6_FLOWLABEL_MGR (inet6_sk(sk)-&gt;ipv6_fl_list)

For the record, I left a different splat with syzbot's one.

  unreferenced object 0xffff888006270c60 (size 96):
    comm "repro2", pid 231, jiffies 4294696626 (age 13.118s)
    hex dump (first 32 bytes):
      01 00 00 00 44 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ....D...........
      00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  ................
    backtrace:
      [&lt;00000000f6bc7ea9&gt;] sock_kmalloc (net/core/sock.c:2564 net/core/sock.c:2554)
      [&lt;000000006d699550&gt;] do_ipv6_setsockopt.constprop.0 (net/ipv6/ipv6_sockglue.c:715)
      [&lt;00000000c3c3b1f5&gt;] ipv6_setsockopt (net/ipv6/ipv6_sockglue.c:1024)
      [&lt;000000007096a025&gt;] __sys_setsockopt (net/socket.c:2254)
      [&lt;000000003a8ff47b&gt;] __x64_sys_setsockopt (net/socket.c:2265 net/socket.c:2262 net/socket.c:2262)
      [&lt;000000007c409dcb&gt;] do_syscall_64 (arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80)
      [&lt;00000000e939c4a9&gt;] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe (arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:120)

[0]: https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?extid=a8430774139ec3ab7176

Fixes: 6d0bfe226116 ("net: ipv6: Add IPv6 support to the ping socket.")
Reported-by: syzbot+a8430774139ec3ab7176@syzkaller.appspotmail.com
Reported-by: Ayushman Dutta &lt;ayudutta@amazon.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Kuniyuki Iwashima &lt;kuniyu@amazon.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Reviewed-by: Eric Dumazet &lt;edumazet@google.com&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220728012220.46918-1-kuniyu@amazon.com
Signed-off-by: Jakub Kicinski &lt;kuba@kernel.org&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>ping: support ipv6 ping socket flow labels</title>
<updated>2022-07-22T11:40:27+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Alan Brady</name>
<email>alan.brady@intel.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-07-20T18:13:10+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=16576a034c4ba2e3179f48554d4f1bd5c05382cd'/>
<id>urn:sha1:16576a034c4ba2e3179f48554d4f1bd5c05382cd</id>
<content type='text'>
Ping sockets don't appear to make any attempt to preserve flow labels
created and set by userspace using IPV6_FLOWINFO_SEND. Instead they are
clobbered by autolabels (if enabled) or zero.

Grab the flowlabel out of the msghdr similar to how rawv6_sendmsg does
it and move the memset up so it doesn't get zeroed after.

Signed-off-by: Alan Brady &lt;alan.brady@intel.com&gt;
Tested-by: Gurucharan &lt;gurucharanx.g@intel.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Tony Nguyen &lt;anthony.l.nguyen@intel.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller &lt;davem@davemloft.net&gt;
</content>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>net: ping6: Fix ping -6 with interface name</title>
<updated>2022-06-01T10:44:42+00:00</updated>
<author>
<name>Aya Levin</name>
<email>ayal@nvidia.com</email>
</author>
<published>2022-05-31T08:45:44+00:00</published>
<link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='https://git.radix-linux.su/kernel/linux.git/commit/?id=e6652a8ef3e64d953168a95878fe29b934ad78ac'/>
<id>urn:sha1:e6652a8ef3e64d953168a95878fe29b934ad78ac</id>
<content type='text'>
When passing interface parameter to ping -6:
$ ping -6 ::11:141:84:9 -I eth2
Results in:
PING ::11:141:84:10(::11:141:84:10) from ::11:141:84:9 eth2: 56 data bytes
ping: sendmsg: Invalid argument
ping: sendmsg: Invalid argument

Initialize the fl6's outgoing interface (OIF) before triggering
ip6_datagram_send_ctl. Don't wipe fl6 after ip6_datagram_send_ctl() as
changes in fl6 that may happen in the function are overwritten explicitly.
Update comment accordingly.

Fixes: 13651224c00b ("net: ping6: support setting basic SOL_IPV6 options via cmsg")
Signed-off-by: Aya Levin &lt;ayal@nvidia.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Gal Pressman &lt;gal@nvidia.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: Saeed Mahameed &lt;saeedm@nvidia.com&gt;
Signed-off-by: Tariq Toukan &lt;tariqt@nvidia.com&gt;
Reviewed-by: David Ahern &lt;dsahern@kernel.org&gt;
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220531084544.15126-1-tariqt@nvidia.com
Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni &lt;pabeni@redhat.com&gt;
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