kernel/linux.git/init/calibrate.c, branch v6.19.11

calibrate: update header inclusion

2025-11-27T22:24:45+00:00

While cleaning up some headers, I got a build error on this file: init/calibrate.c:20:9: error: call to undeclared function 'kstrtoul'; ISO C99 and later do not support implicit function declarations [-Wimplicit-function-declaration] Update header inclusions to follow IWYU (Include What You Use) principle. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251124230607.1445421-1-andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton

init: replace simple_strtoul with kstrtoul to improve lpj_setup

2025-11-27T22:24:43+00:00

Replace simple_strtoul() with the recommended kstrtoul() for parsing the 'lpj=' boot parameter. Check the return value of kstrtoul() and reject invalid values. This adds error handling while preserving existing behavior for valid values, and removes use of the deprecated simple_strtoul() helper. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20251122114539.446937-2-thorsten.blum@linux.dev Signed-off-by: Thorsten Blum Cc: Christian Brauner Cc: Peter Zijlstra Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton

License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

2017-11-02T10:10:55+00:00

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license. By default all files without license information are under the default license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2. Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0' SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text. This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and Philippe Ombredanne. How this work was done: Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of the use cases: - file had no licensing information it it. - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it, - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information, Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords. The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files. The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s) to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was: - Files considered eligible had to be source code files. - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5 lines of source - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5 lines). All documentation files were explicitly excluded. The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license identifiers to apply. - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was considered to have no license information in it, and the top level COPYING file license applied. For non */uapi/* files that summary was: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------- GPL-2.0 11139 and resulted in the first patch in this series. If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------- GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930 and resulted in the second patch in this series. - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in it (per prior point). Results summary: SPDX license identifier # files ---------------------------------------------------|------ GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270 GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17 LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15 GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14 ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5 LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4 LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3 ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1 and that resulted in the third patch in this series. - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became the concluded license(s). - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a license but the other didn't, or they both detected different licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred. - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics). - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier, the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later in time. In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation. Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so they are related. Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks in about 15000 files. In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the correct identifier. Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch version early this week with: - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected license ids and scores - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+ files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the different types of files to be modified. These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to generate the patches. Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

kernel: add calibration_delay_done()

2014-06-16T18:47:39+00:00

Add calibration_delay_done() call and dummy implementation. This allows architectures to stop accepting registrations for new timer based delay functions. Signed-off-by: Peter De Schrijver Acked-by: Russell King Signed-off-by: Stephen Warren

kernel: delete __cpuinit usage from all core kernel files

2013-07-14T23:36:59+00:00

The __cpuinit type of throwaway sections might have made sense some time ago when RAM was more constrained, but now the savings do not offset the cost and complications. For example, the fix in commit 5e427ec2d0 ("x86: Fix bit corruption at CPU resume time") is a good example of the nasty type of bugs that can be created with improper use of the various __init prefixes. After a discussion on LKML[1] it was decided that cpuinit should go the way of devinit and be phased out. Once all the users are gone, we can then finally remove the macros themselves from linux/init.h. This removes all the uses of the __cpuinit macros from C files in the core kernel directories (kernel, init, lib, mm, and include) that don't really have a specific maintainer. [1] https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/5/20/589 Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker

init: check printed flag to skip printing message

2012-03-23T23:58:38+00:00

Otherwise the 'Calibration skipped' message gets printed everytime a CPU is hotplugged in, cluttering console for systems that frequently hotplug CPUs. Signed-off-by: Diwakar Tundlam Cc: Phil Carmody Cc: Russell King Cc: Greg KH Cc: Sameer Nanda Cc: Peter De Schrijver Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds

x86: Reduce clock calibration time during slave cpu startup

2011-12-05T16:12:43+00:00

Reduce the startup time for slave cpus. Adds hooks for an arch-specific function for clock calibration. These hooks are used on x86. If a newly started cpu has the same phys_proc_id as a core already active, uses the TSC for the delay loop and has a CONSTANT_TSC, use the already-calculated value of loops_per_jiffy. This patch reduces the time required to start slave cpus on a 4096 cpu system from: 465 sec OLD 62 sec NEW This reduces boot time on a 4096p system by almost 7 minutes. Nice... Signed-off-by: Jack Steiner Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" Cc: John Stultz [fix CONFIG_SMP=n build] Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar

init: skip calibration delay if previously done

2011-07-26T03:57:17+00:00

For each CPU, do the calibration delay only once. For subsequent calls, use the cached per-CPU value of loops_per_jiffy. This saves about 200ms of resume time on dual core Intel Atom N5xx based systems. This helps bring down the kernel resume time on such systems from about 500ms to about 300ms. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: make cpu_loops_per_jiffy static] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: clean up message text] [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix things up after upstream rmk changes] Signed-off-by: Sameer Nanda Cc: Phil Carmody Cc: Andrew Worsley Cc: David Daney Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds

Fix CPU spinlock lockups on secondary CPU bringup

2011-06-23T15:59:38+00:00

Secondary CPU bringup typically calls calibrate_delay() during its initialization. However, calibrate_delay() modifies a global variable (loops_per_jiffy) used for udelay() and __delay(). A side effect of 71c696b1 ("calibrate: extract fall-back calculation into own helper") introduced in the 2.6.39 merge window means that we end up with a substantial period where loops_per_jiffy is zero. This causes the spinlock debugging code to malfunction: u64 loops = loops_per_jiffy * HZ; for (;;) { for (i = 0; i < loops; i++) { if (arch_spin_trylock(&lock->raw_lock)) return; __delay(1); } ... } by never calling arch_spin_trylock() - resulting in the CPU locking up in an infinite loop inside __spin_lock_debug(). Work around this by only writing to loops_per_jiffy only once we have completed all the calibration decisions. Tested-by: Santosh Shilimkar Signed-off-by: Russell King Cc: (2.6.39-stable) -- Better solutions (such as omitting the calibration for secondary CPUs, or arranging for calibrate_delay() to return the LPJ value and leave it to the caller to decide where to store it) are a possibility, but would be much more invasive into each architecture. I think this is the best solution for -rc and stable, but it should be revisited for the next merge window. init/calibrate.c | 14 ++++++++------ 1 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds

init/calibrate.c: remove annoying printk

2011-06-16T03:04:01+00:00

Remove calibrate_delay_direct()'s KERN_DEBUG printk related to bogomips calculation as it appears when booting every core on setups with 'ignore_loglevel' which dmesg people scan for possible issues. As the message doesn't show very useful information to the widest audience of kernel boot message gazers, it should be removed. Introduced by commit d2b463135f84 ("init/calibrate.c: fix for critical bogoMIPS intermittent calculation failure"). Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov Cc: Andrew Worsley Cc: Phil Carmody Cc: Peter Zijlstra Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds