kernel/linux.git/arch/x86/include/uapi, branch v6.6.142

KVM: x86: Use __DECLARE_FLEX_ARRAY() for UAPI structures with VLAs

2026-04-27T13:23:34+00:00

[ Upstream commit 2619da73bb2f10d88f7e1087125c40144fdf0987 ] Commit 94dfc73e7cf4 ("treewide: uapi: Replace zero-length arrays with flexible-array members") broke the userspace API for C++. These structures ending in VLAs are typically a *header*, which can be followed by an arbitrary number of entries. Userspace typically creates a larger structure with some non-zero number of entries, for example in QEMU's kvm_arch_get_supported_msr_feature(): struct { struct kvm_msrs info; struct kvm_msr_entry entries[1]; } msr_data = {}; While that works in C, it fails in C++ with an error like: flexible array member 'kvm_msrs::entries' not at end of 'struct msr_data' Fix this by using __DECLARE_FLEX_ARRAY() for the VLA, which uses [0] for C++ compilation. Fixes: 94dfc73e7cf4 ("treewide: uapi: Replace zero-length arrays with flexible-array members") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse Link: https://patch.msgid.link/3abaf6aefd6e5efeff3b860ac38421d9dec908db.camel@infradead.org [sean: tag for stable@] Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson [ applied `__DECLARE_FLEX_ARRAY(char, name)` change directly instead of inside missing `#ifdef __KERNEL__` else branch ] Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

x86/traps: Initialize DR6 by writing its architectural reset value

2025-07-10T14:03:13+00:00

[ Upstream commit 5f465c148c61e876b6d6eacd8e8e365f2d47758f ] Initialize DR6 by writing its architectural reset value to avoid incorrectly zeroing DR6 to clear DR6.BLD at boot time, which leads to a false bus lock detected warning. The Intel SDM says: 1) Certain debug exceptions may clear bits 0-3 of DR6. 2) BLD induced #DB clears DR6.BLD and any other debug exception doesn't modify DR6.BLD. 3) RTM induced #DB clears DR6.RTM and any other debug exception sets DR6.RTM. To avoid confusion in identifying debug exceptions, debug handlers should set DR6.BLD and DR6.RTM, and clear other DR6 bits before returning. The DR6 architectural reset value 0xFFFF0FF0, already defined as macro DR6_RESERVED, satisfies these requirements, so just use it to reinitialize DR6 whenever needed. Since clear_all_debug_regs() no longer zeros all debug registers, rename it to initialize_debug_regs() to better reflect its current behavior. Since debug_read_clear_dr6() no longer clears DR6, rename it to debug_read_reset_dr6() to better reflect its current behavior. Fixes: ebb1064e7c2e9 ("x86/traps: Handle #DB for bus lock") Reported-by: Sohil Mehta Suggested-by: H. Peter Anvin (Intel) Signed-off-by: Xin Li (Intel) Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen Reviewed-by: H. Peter Anvin (Intel) Reviewed-by: Sohil Mehta Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) Tested-by: Sohil Mehta Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/06e68373-a92b-472e-8fd9-ba548119770c@intel.com/ Cc:stable@vger.kernel.org Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20250620231504.2676902-2-xin%40zytor.com Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin

x86/boot: Move mem_encrypt= parsing to the decompressor

2024-04-10T14:36:07+00:00

commit cd0d9d92c8bb46e77de62efd7df13069ddd61e7d upstream. The early SME/SEV code parses the command line very early, in order to decide whether or not memory encryption should be enabled, which needs to occur even before the initial page tables are created. This is problematic for a number of reasons: - this early code runs from the 1:1 mapping provided by the decompressor or firmware, which uses a different translation than the one assumed by the linker, and so the code needs to be built in a special way; - parsing external input while the entire kernel image is still mapped writable is a bad idea in general, and really does not belong in security minded code; - the current code ignores the built-in command line entirely (although this appears to be the case for the entire decompressor) Given that the decompressor/EFI stub is an intrinsic part of the x86 bootable kernel image, move the command line parsing there and out of the core kernel. This removes the need to build lib/cmdline.o in a special way, or to use RIP-relative LEA instructions in inline asm blocks. This involves a new xloadflag in the setup header to indicate that mem_encrypt=on appeared on the kernel command line. Signed-off-by: Ard Biesheuvel Signed-off-by: Borislav Petkov (AMD) Tested-by: Tom Lendacky Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240227151907.387873-17-ardb+git@google.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

x86: Remove the arch_calc_vm_prot_bits() macro from the UAPI

2023-09-06T21:50:46+00:00

The arch_calc_vm_prot_bits() macro uses VM_PKEY_BIT0 etc. which are not part of the UAPI, so the macro is completely useless for userspace. It is also hidden behind the CONFIG_X86_INTEL_MEMORY_PROTECTION_KEYS config switch which we shouldn't expose to userspace. Thus let's move this macro into a new internal header instead. Fixes: 8f62c883222c ("x86/mm/pkeys: Add arch-specific VMA protection bits") Signed-off-by: Thomas Huth Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar Reviewed-by: Arnd Bergmann Reviewed-by: Nicolas Schier Acked-by: Dave Hansen Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230906162658.142511-1-thuth@redhat.com

x86/shstk: Add ARCH_SHSTK_STATUS

2023-08-02T22:01:51+00:00

CRIU and GDB need to get the current shadow stack and WRSS enablement status. This information is already available via /proc/pid/status, but this is inconvenient for CRIU because it involves parsing the text output in an area of the code where this is difficult. Provide a status arch_prctl(), ARCH_SHSTK_STATUS for retrieving the status. Have arg2 be a userspace address, and make the new arch_prctl simply copy the features out to userspace. Suggested-by: Mike Rapoport Signed-off-by: Rick Edgecombe Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen Reviewed-by: Borislav Petkov (AMD) Reviewed-by: Kees Cook Acked-by: Mike Rapoport (IBM) Tested-by: Pengfei Xu Tested-by: John Allen Tested-by: Kees Cook Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230613001108.3040476-43-rick.p.edgecombe%40intel.com

x86/shstk: Add ARCH_SHSTK_UNLOCK

2023-08-02T22:01:51+00:00

Userspace loaders may lock features before a CRIU restore operation has the chance to set them to whatever state is required by the process being restored. Allow a way for CRIU to unlock features. Add it as an arch_prctl() like the other shadow stack operations, but restrict it being called by the ptrace arch_pctl() interface. [Merged into recent API changes, added commit log and docs] Signed-off-by: Mike Rapoport Signed-off-by: Rick Edgecombe Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen Reviewed-by: Borislav Petkov (AMD) Reviewed-by: Kees Cook Reviewed-by: David Hildenbrand Tested-by: Pengfei Xu Tested-by: John Allen Tested-by: Kees Cook Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230613001108.3040476-42-rick.p.edgecombe%40intel.com

x86/shstk: Support WRSS for userspace

2023-08-02T22:01:51+00:00

For the current shadow stack implementation, shadow stacks contents can't easily be provisioned with arbitrary data. This property helps apps protect themselves better, but also restricts any potential apps that may want to do exotic things at the expense of a little security. The x86 shadow stack feature introduces a new instruction, WRSS, which can be enabled to write directly to shadow stack memory from userspace. Allow it to get enabled via the prctl interface. Only enable the userspace WRSS instruction, which allows writes to userspace shadow stacks from userspace. Do not allow it to be enabled independently of shadow stack, as HW does not support using WRSS when shadow stack is disabled. >From a fault handler perspective, WRSS will behave very similar to WRUSS, which is treated like a user access from a #PF err code perspective. Signed-off-by: Rick Edgecombe Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen Reviewed-by: Borislav Petkov (AMD) Reviewed-by: Kees Cook Acked-by: Mike Rapoport (IBM) Tested-by: Pengfei Xu Tested-by: John Allen Tested-by: Kees Cook Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230613001108.3040476-36-rick.p.edgecombe%40intel.com

x86/shstk: Introduce map_shadow_stack syscall

2023-08-02T22:01:51+00:00

When operating with shadow stacks enabled, the kernel will automatically allocate shadow stacks for new threads, however in some cases userspace will need additional shadow stacks. The main example of this is the ucontext family of functions, which require userspace allocating and pivoting to userspace managed stacks. Unlike most other user memory permissions, shadow stacks need to be provisioned with special data in order to be useful. They need to be setup with a restore token so that userspace can pivot to them via the RSTORSSP instruction. But, the security design of shadow stacks is that they should not be written to except in limited circumstances. This presents a problem for userspace, as to how userspace can provision this special data, without allowing for the shadow stack to be generally writable. Previously, a new PROT_SHADOW_STACK was attempted, which could be mprotect()ed from RW permissions after the data was provisioned. This was found to not be secure enough, as other threads could write to the shadow stack during the writable window. The kernel can use a special instruction, WRUSS, to write directly to userspace shadow stacks. So the solution can be that memory can be mapped as shadow stack permissions from the beginning (never generally writable in userspace), and the kernel itself can write the restore token. First, a new madvise() flag was explored, which could operate on the PROT_SHADOW_STACK memory. This had a couple of downsides: 1. Extra checks were needed in mprotect() to prevent writable memory from ever becoming PROT_SHADOW_STACK. 2. Extra checks/vma state were needed in the new madvise() to prevent restore tokens being written into the middle of pre-used shadow stacks. It is ideal to prevent restore tokens being added at arbitrary locations, so the check was to make sure the shadow stack had never been written to. 3. It stood out from the rest of the madvise flags, as more of direct action than a hint at future desired behavior. So rather than repurpose two existing syscalls (mmap, madvise) that don't quite fit, just implement a new map_shadow_stack syscall to allow userspace to map and setup new shadow stacks in one step. While ucontext is the primary motivator, userspace may have other unforeseen reasons to setup its own shadow stacks using the WRSS instruction. Towards this provide a flag so that stacks can be optionally setup securely for the common case of ucontext without enabling WRSS. Or potentially have the kernel set up the shadow stack in some new way. The following example demonstrates how to create a new shadow stack with map_shadow_stack: void *shstk = map_shadow_stack(addr, stack_size, SHADOW_STACK_SET_TOKEN); Signed-off-by: Rick Edgecombe Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen Reviewed-by: Borislav Petkov (AMD) Reviewed-by: Kees Cook Acked-by: Mike Rapoport (IBM) Tested-by: Pengfei Xu Tested-by: John Allen Tested-by: Kees Cook Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230613001108.3040476-35-rick.p.edgecombe%40intel.com

x86/shstk: Add user-mode shadow stack support

2023-08-02T22:01:50+00:00

Introduce basic shadow stack enabling/disabling/allocation routines. A task's shadow stack is allocated from memory with VM_SHADOW_STACK flag and has a fixed size of min(RLIMIT_STACK, 4GB). Keep the task's shadow stack address and size in thread_struct. This will be copied when cloning new threads, but needs to be cleared during exec, so add a function to do this. 32 bit shadow stack is not expected to have many users and it will complicate the signal implementation. So do not support IA32 emulation or x32. Co-developed-by: Yu-cheng Yu Signed-off-by: Yu-cheng Yu Signed-off-by: Rick Edgecombe Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen Reviewed-by: Borislav Petkov (AMD) Reviewed-by: Kees Cook Acked-by: Mike Rapoport (IBM) Tested-by: Pengfei Xu Tested-by: John Allen Tested-by: Kees Cook Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230613001108.3040476-29-rick.p.edgecombe%40intel.com

x86: Introduce userspace API for shadow stack

2023-08-02T22:01:50+00:00

Add three new arch_prctl() handles: - ARCH_SHSTK_ENABLE/DISABLE enables or disables the specified feature. Returns 0 on success or a negative value on error. - ARCH_SHSTK_LOCK prevents future disabling or enabling of the specified feature. Returns 0 on success or a negative value on error. The features are handled per-thread and inherited over fork(2)/clone(2), but reset on exec(). Co-developed-by: Kirill A. Shutemov Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov Signed-off-by: Rick Edgecombe Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen Reviewed-by: Borislav Petkov (AMD) Reviewed-by: Kees Cook Acked-by: Mike Rapoport (IBM) Tested-by: Pengfei Xu Tested-by: John Allen Tested-by: Kees Cook Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230613001108.3040476-27-rick.p.edgecombe%40intel.com