kernel/linux.git/arch/arm64/include/asm/stacktrace, branch v6.19.11

arm64: Replace ASSEMBLY with ASSEMBLER in non-uapi headers

2025-11-11T19:35:59+00:00

While the GCC and Clang compilers already define __ASSEMBLER__ automatically when compiling assembly code, __ASSEMBLY__ is a macro that only gets defined by the Makefiles in the kernel. This can be very confusing when switching between userspace and kernelspace coding, or when dealing with uapi headers that rather should use __ASSEMBLER__ instead. So let's standardize now on the __ASSEMBLER__ macro that is provided by the compilers. This is a mostly mechanical patch (done with a simple "sed -i" statement), except for the following files where comments with mis-spelled macros were tweaked manually: arch/arm64/include/asm/stacktrace/frame.h arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_ptrauth.h arch/arm64/include/asm/debug-monitors.h arch/arm64/include/asm/esr.h arch/arm64/include/asm/scs.h arch/arm64/include/asm/memory.h Signed-off-by: Thomas Huth Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas

arm64: kvm: Introduce nvhe stack size constants

2025-01-08T11:25:28+00:00

Refactor nvhe stack code to use NVHE_STACK_SIZE/SHIFT constants, instead of directly using PAGE_SIZE/SHIFT. This makes the code a bit easier to read, without introducing any functional changes. Cc: Marc Zyngier Cc: Mark Brown Cc: Mark Rutland Cc: Will Deacon Signed-off-by: Kalesh Singh Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20241112003336.1375584-1-kaleshsingh@google.com Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier

arm64: stacktrace: unwind exception boundaries

2024-10-17T17:06:25+00:00

When arm64's stack unwinder encounters an exception boundary, it uses the pt_regs::stackframe created by the entry code, which has a copy of the PC and FP at the time the exception was taken. The unwinder doesn't know anything about pt_regs, and reports the PC from the stackframe, but does not report the LR. The LR is only guaranteed to contain the return address at function call boundaries, and can be used as a scratch register at other times, so the LR at an exception boundary may or may not be a legitimate return address. It would be useful to report the LR value regardless, as it can be helpful when debugging, and in future it will be helpful for reliable stacktrace support. This patch changes the way we unwind across exception boundaries, allowing both the PC and LR to be reported. The entry code creates a frame_record_meta structure embedded within pt_regs, which the unwinder uses to find the pt_regs. The unwinder can then extract pt_regs::pc and pt_regs::lr as two separate unwind steps before continuing with a regular walk of frame records. When a PC is unwound from pt_regs::lr, dump_backtrace() will log this with an "L" marker so that it can be identified easily. For example, an unwind across an exception boundary will appear as follows: | el1h_64_irq+0x6c/0x70 | _raw_spin_unlock_irqrestore+0x10/0x60 (P) | __aarch64_insn_write+0x6c/0x90 (L) | aarch64_insn_patch_text_nosync+0x28/0x80 ... with a (P) entry for pt_regs::pc, and an (L) entry for pt_regs:lr. Note that the LR may be stale at the point of the exception, for example, shortly after a return: | el1h_64_irq+0x6c/0x70 | default_idle_call+0x34/0x180 (P) | default_idle_call+0x28/0x180 (L) | do_idle+0x204/0x268 ... where the LR points a few instructions before the current PC. This plays nicely with all the other unwind metadata tracking. With the ftrace_graph profiler enabled globally, and kretprobes installed on generic_handle_domain_irq() and do_interrupt_handler(), a backtrace triggered by magic-sysrq + L reports: | Call trace: | show_stack+0x20/0x40 (CF) | dump_stack_lvl+0x60/0x80 (F) | dump_stack+0x18/0x28 | nmi_cpu_backtrace+0xfc/0x140 | nmi_trigger_cpumask_backtrace+0x1c8/0x200 | arch_trigger_cpumask_backtrace+0x20/0x40 | sysrq_handle_showallcpus+0x24/0x38 (F) | __handle_sysrq+0xa8/0x1b0 (F) | handle_sysrq+0x38/0x50 (F) | pl011_int+0x460/0x5a8 (F) | __handle_irq_event_percpu+0x60/0x220 (F) | handle_irq_event+0x54/0xc0 (F) | handle_fasteoi_irq+0xa8/0x1d0 (F) | generic_handle_domain_irq+0x34/0x58 (F) | gic_handle_irq+0x54/0x140 (FK) | call_on_irq_stack+0x24/0x58 (F) | do_interrupt_handler+0x88/0xa0 | el1_interrupt+0x34/0x68 (FK) | el1h_64_irq_handler+0x18/0x28 | el1h_64_irq+0x6c/0x70 | default_idle_call+0x34/0x180 (P) | default_idle_call+0x28/0x180 (L) | do_idle+0x204/0x268 | cpu_startup_entry+0x3c/0x50 (F) | rest_init+0xe4/0xf0 | start_kernel+0x744/0x750 | __primary_switched+0x88/0x98 Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland Reviewed-by: Mark Brown Reviewed-by: Miroslav Benes Reviewed-by: Puranjay Mohan Cc: Ard Biesheuvel Cc: Josh Poimboeuf Cc: Kalesh Singh Cc: Madhavan T. Venkataraman Cc: Marc Zyngier Cc: Will Deacon Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20241017092538.1859841-11-mark.rutland@arm.com Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas

arm64: stacktrace: split unwind_consume_stack()

2024-10-17T17:06:25+00:00

When unwinding stacks, we use unwind_consume_stack() to both find whether an object (e.g. a frame record) is on an accessible stack *and* to update the stack boundaries. This works fine today since we only care about one type of object which does not overlap other objects. In subsequent patches we'll want to check whether an object (e.g a frame record) is on the stack and follow this up by accessing a larger object containing the first (e.g. a pt_regs with an embedded frame record). To make that pattern easier to implement, this patch reworks unwind_find_next_stack() and unwind_consume_stack() so that the former can be used to check if an object is on any accessible stack, and the latter is purely used to update the stack boundaries. As unwind_find_next_stack() is modified to also check the stack currently being unwound, it is renamed to unwind_find_stack(). There should be no functional change as a result of this patch. Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland Reviewed-by: Mark Brown Reviewed-by: Miroslav Benes Reviewed-by: Puranjay Mohan Cc: Ard Biesheuvel Cc: Josh Poimboeuf Cc: Kalesh Singh Cc: Madhavan T. Venkataraman Cc: Marc Zyngier Cc: Will Deacon Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20241017092538.1859841-10-mark.rutland@arm.com Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas

arm64: use a common struct frame_record

2024-10-17T17:06:24+00:00

Currently the signal handling code has its own struct frame_record, the definition of struct pt_regs open-codes a frame record as an array, and the kernel unwinder hard-codes frame record offsets. Move to a common struct frame_record that can be used throughout the kernel. Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland Reviewed-by: Mark Brown Reviewed-by: Miroslav Benes Reviewed-by: Puranjay Mohan Cc: Ard Biesheuvel Cc: Josh Poimboeuf Cc: Kalesh Singh Cc: Madhavan T. Venkataraman Cc: Marc Zyngier Cc: Will Deacon Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20241017092538.1859841-6-mark.rutland@arm.com Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas

arm64: stacktrace: factor out kernel unwind state

2023-12-11T11:42:55+00:00

On arm64 we share some unwinding code between the regular kernel unwinder and the KVM hyp unwinder. Some of this common code only matters to the regular unwinder, e.g. the `kr_cur` and `task` fields in the common struct unwind_state. We're likely to add more state which only matters for regular kernel unwinding (or only for hyp unwinding). In preparation for such changes, this patch factors out the kernel-specific state into a new struct kunwind_state, and updates the kernel unwind code accordingly. There should be no functional change as a result of this patch. Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland Cc: Catalin Marinas Cc: Kalesh Singh Cc: Madhavan T. Venkataraman Cc: Mark Brown Cc: Puranjay Mohan Cc: Will Deacon Reviewed-by: Puranjay Mohan Reviewed-by: Kalesh Singh Reviewed-by: Madhavan T. Venkataraman Reviewed-by: Mark Brown Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231124110511.2795958-2-mark.rutland@arm.com Signed-off-by: Will Deacon

arm64: stacktrace: track hyp stacks in unwinder's address space

2022-09-09T11:30:08+00:00

Currently unwind_next_frame_record() has an optional callback to convert the address space of the FP. This is necessary for the NVHE unwinder, which tracks the stacks in the hyp VA space, but accesses the frame records in the kernel VA space. This is a bit unfortunate since it clutters unwind_next_frame_record(), which will get in the way of future rework. Instead, this patch changes the NVHE unwinder to track the stacks in the kernel's VA space and translate to FP prior to calling unwind_next_frame_record(). This removes the need for the translate_fp() callback, as all unwinders consistently track stacks in the native address space of the unwinder. At the same time, this patch consolidates the generation of the stack addresses behind the stackinfo_get_*() helpers. Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland Reviewed-by: Kalesh Singh Reviewed-by: Madhavan T. Venkataraman Reviewed-by: Mark Brown Cc: Fuad Tabba Cc: Marc Zyngier Cc: Will Deacon Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220901130646.1316937-10-mark.rutland@arm.com Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas

arm64: stacktrace: track all stack boundaries explicitly

2022-09-09T11:30:08+00:00

Currently we call an on_accessible_stack() callback for each step of the unwinder, requiring redundant work to be performed in the core of the unwind loop (e.g. disabling preemption around accesses to per-cpu variables containing stack boundaries). To prevent unwind loops which go through a stack multiple times, we have to track the set of unwound stacks, requiring a stack_type enum which needs to cater for all the stacks of all possible callees. To prevent loops within a stack, we must track the prior FP values. This patch reworks the unwinder to minimize the work in the core of the unwinder, and to remove the need for the stack_type enum. The set of accessible stacks (and their boundaries) are determined at the start of the unwind, and the current stack is tracked during the unwind, with completed stacks removed from the set of accessible stacks. This makes the boundary checks more accurate (e.g. detecting overlapped frame records), and removes the need for separate tracking of the prior FP and visited stacks. Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland Reviewed-by: Kalesh Singh Reviewed-by: Madhavan T. Venkataraman Reviewed-by: Mark Brown Cc: Fuad Tabba Cc: Marc Zyngier Cc: Will Deacon Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220901130646.1316937-9-mark.rutland@arm.com Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas

arm64: stacktrace: remove stack type from fp translator

2022-09-09T11:30:08+00:00

In subsequent patches we'll remove the stack_type enum, and move the FP translation logic out of the raw FP unwind code. In preparation for doing so, this patch removes the type parameter from the FP translation callback, and modifies kvm_nvhe_stack_kern_va() to determine the relevant stack directly. So that kvm_nvhe_stack_kern_va() can use the stackinfo_*() helpers, these are moved earlier in the file, but are not modified in any way. There should be no functional change as a result of this patch. Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland Reviewed-by: Kalesh Singh Reviewed-by: Madhavan T. Venkataraman Reviewed-by: Mark Brown Cc: Fuad Tabba Cc: Marc Zyngier Cc: Will Deacon Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220901130646.1316937-8-mark.rutland@arm.com Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas

arm64: stacktrace: rework stack boundary discovery

2022-09-09T11:30:07+00:00

In subsequent patches we'll want to acquire the stack boundaries ahead-of-time, and we'll need to be able to acquire the relevant stack_info regardless of whether we have an object the happens to be on the stack. This patch replaces the on_XXX_stack() helpers with stackinfo_get_XXX() helpers, with the caller being responsible for the checking whether an object is on a relevant stack. For the moment this is moved into the on_accessible_stack() functions, making these slightly larger; subsequent patches will remove the on_accessible_stack() functions and simplify the logic. The on_irq_stack() and on_task_stack() helpers are kept as these are used by IRQ entry sequences and stackleak respectively. As they're only used as predicates, the stack_info pointer parameter is removed in both cases. As the on_accessible_stack() functions are always passed a non-NULL info pointer, these now update info unconditionally. When updating the type to STACK_TYPE_UNKNOWN, the low/high bounds are also modified, but as these will not be consumed this should have no adverse affect. There should be no functional change as a result of this patch. Signed-off-by: Mark Rutland Reviewed-by: Kalesh Singh Reviewed-by: Madhavan T. Venkataraman Reviewed-by: Mark Brown Cc: Fuad Tabba Cc: Marc Zyngier Cc: Will Deacon Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220901130646.1316937-7-mark.rutland@arm.com Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas

kernel/linux.git/arch/arm64/include/asm/stacktrace, branch v6.19.11

arm64: Replace __ASSEMBLY__ with __ASSEMBLER__ in non-uapi headers

arm64: kvm: Introduce nvhe stack size constants

arm64: stacktrace: unwind exception boundaries

arm64: stacktrace: split unwind_consume_stack()

arm64: use a common struct frame_record

arm64: stacktrace: factor out kernel unwind state

arm64: stacktrace: track hyp stacks in unwinder's address space

arm64: stacktrace: track all stack boundaries explicitly

arm64: stacktrace: remove stack type from fp translator

arm64: stacktrace: rework stack boundary discovery

arm64: Replace ASSEMBLY with ASSEMBLER in non-uapi headers