kernel/linux.git/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst, branch v6.1.168

panic: Introduce warn_limit

2023-01-24T06:24:41+00:00

commit 9fc9e278a5c0b708eeffaf47d6eb0c82aa74ed78 upstream. Like oops_limit, add warn_limit for limiting the number of warnings when panic_on_warn is not set. Cc: Jonathan Corbet Cc: Andrew Morton Cc: Baolin Wang Cc: "Jason A. Donenfeld" Cc: Eric Biggers Cc: Huang Ying Cc: Petr Mladek Cc: tangmeng Cc: "Guilherme G. Piccoli" Cc: Tiezhu Yang Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org Reviewed-by: Luis Chamberlain Signed-off-by: Kees Cook Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221117234328.594699-5-keescook@chromium.org Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

exit: Allow oops_limit to be disabled

2023-01-24T06:24:41+00:00

commit de92f65719cd672f4b48397540b9f9eff67eca40 upstream. In preparation for keeping oops_limit logic in sync with warn_limit, have oops_limit == 0 disable checking the Oops counter. Cc: Jann Horn Cc: Jonathan Corbet Cc: Andrew Morton Cc: Baolin Wang Cc: "Jason A. Donenfeld" Cc: Eric Biggers Cc: Huang Ying Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" Cc: Arnd Bergmann Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Kees Cook Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

exit: Put an upper limit on how often we can oops

2023-01-24T06:24:41+00:00

commit d4ccd54d28d3c8598e2354acc13e28c060961dbb upstream. Many Linux systems are configured to not panic on oops; but allowing an attacker to oops the system **really** often can make even bugs that look completely unexploitable exploitable (like NULL dereferences and such) if each crash elevates a refcount by one or a lock is taken in read mode, and this causes a counter to eventually overflow. The most interesting counters for this are 32 bits wide (like open-coded refcounts that don't use refcount_t). (The ldsem reader count on 32-bit platforms is just 16 bits, but probably nobody cares about 32-bit platforms that much nowadays.) So let's panic the system if the kernel is constantly oopsing. The speed of oopsing 2^32 times probably depends on several factors, like how long the stack trace is and which unwinder you're using; an empirically important one is whether your console is showing a graphical environment or a text console that oopses will be printed to. In a quick single-threaded benchmark, it looks like oopsing in a vfork() child with a very short stack trace only takes ~510 microseconds per run when a graphical console is active; but switching to a text console that oopses are printed to slows it down around 87x, to ~45 milliseconds per run. (Adding more threads makes this faster, but the actual oops printing happens under &die_lock on x86, so you can maybe speed this up by a factor of around 2 and then any further improvement gets eaten up by lock contention.) It looks like it would take around 8-12 days to overflow a 32-bit counter with repeated oopsing on a multi-core X86 system running a graphical environment; both me (in an X86 VM) and Seth (with a distro kernel on normal hardware in a standard configuration) got numbers in that ballpark. 12 days aren't *that* short on a desktop system, and you'd likely need much longer on a typical server system (assuming that people don't run graphical desktop environments on their servers), and this is a *very* noisy and violent approach to exploiting the kernel; and it also seems to take orders of magnitude longer on some machines, probably because stuff like EFI pstore will slow it down a ton if that's active. Signed-off-by: Jann Horn Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221107201317.324457-1-jannh@google.com Reviewed-by: Luis Chamberlain Signed-off-by: Kees Cook Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20221117234328.594699-2-keescook@chromium.org Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman

x86/split_lock: Add sysctl to control the misery mode

2022-12-31T12:31:55+00:00

[ Upstream commit 727209376f4998bc84db1d5d8af15afea846a92b ] Commit b041b525dab9 ("x86/split_lock: Make life miserable for split lockers") changed the way the split lock detector works when in "warn" mode; basically, it not only shows the warn message, but also intentionally introduces a slowdown through sleeping plus serialization mechanism on such task. Based on discussions in [0], seems the warning alone wasn't enough motivation for userspace developers to fix their applications. This slowdown is enough to totally break some proprietary (aka. unfixable) userspace[1]. Happens that originally the proposal in [0] was to add a new mode which would warns + slowdown the "split locking" task, keeping the old warn mode untouched. In the end, that idea was discarded and the regular/default "warn" mode now slows down the applications. This is quite aggressive with regards proprietary/legacy programs that basically are unable to properly run in kernel with this change. While it is understandable that a malicious application could DoS by split locking, it seems unacceptable to regress old/proprietary userspace programs through a default configuration that previously worked. An example of such breakage was reported in [1]. Add a sysctl to allow controlling the "misery mode" behavior, as per Thomas suggestion on [2]. This way, users running legacy and/or proprietary software are allowed to still execute them with a decent performance while still observing the warning messages on kernel log. [0] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20220217012721.9694-1-tony.luck@intel.com/ [1] https://github.com/doitsujin/dxvk/issues/2938 [2] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/87pmf4bter.ffs@tglx/ [ dhansen: minor changelog tweaks, including clarifying the actual problem ] Fixes: b041b525dab9 ("x86/split_lock: Make life miserable for split lockers") Suggested-by: Thomas Gleixner Signed-off-by: Guilherme G. Piccoli Signed-off-by: Dave Hansen Reviewed-by: Tony Luck Tested-by: Andre Almeida Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221024200254.635256-1-gpiccoli%40igalia.com Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin

Merge tag 'mm-nonmm-stable-2022-10-11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm

2022-10-12T18:00:22+00:00

Pull non-MM updates from Andrew Morton: - hfs and hfsplus kmap API modernization (Fabio Francesco) - make crash-kexec work properly when invoked from an NMI-time panic (Valentin Schneider) - ntfs bugfixes (Hawkins Jiawei) - improve IPC msg scalability by replacing atomic_t's with percpu counters (Jiebin Sun) - nilfs2 cleanups (Minghao Chi) - lots of other single patches all over the tree! * tag 'mm-nonmm-stable-2022-10-11' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm: (71 commits) include/linux/entry-common.h: remove has_signal comment of arch_do_signal_or_restart() prototype proc: test how it holds up with mapping'less process mailmap: update Frank Rowand email address ia64: mca: use strscpy() is more robust and safer init/Kconfig: fix unmet direct dependencies ia64: update config files nilfs2: replace WARN_ONs by nilfs_error for checkpoint acquisition failure fork: remove duplicate included header files init/main.c: remove unnecessary (void*) conversions proc: mark more files as permanent nilfs2: remove the unneeded result variable nilfs2: delete unnecessary checks before brelse() checkpatch: warn for non-standard fixes tag style usr/gen_init_cpio.c: remove unnecessary -1 values from int file ipc/msg: mitigate the lock contention with percpu counter percpu: add percpu_counter_add_local and percpu_counter_sub_local fs/ocfs2: fix repeated words in comments relay: use kvcalloc to alloc page array in relay_alloc_page_array proc: make config PROC_CHILDREN depend on PROC_FS fs: uninline inode_maybe_inc_iversion() ...

kernel/utsname_sysctl.c: print kernel arch

2022-09-12T04:55:12+00:00

Print the machine hardware name (UTS_MACHINE) in /proc/sys/kernel/arch. This helps people who debug kernel with initramfs with minimal environment (i.e. without coreutils or even busybox) or allow to open sysfs file instead of run 'uname -m' in high level languages. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220901194403.3819-1-pvorel@suse.cz Signed-off-by: Petr Vorel Acked-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman Cc: David Sterba Cc: "Eric W . Biederman" Cc: Rafael J. Wysocki Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton

memory tiering: rate limit NUMA migration throughput

2022-09-12T03:25:54+00:00

In NUMA balancing memory tiering mode, if there are hot pages in slow memory node and cold pages in fast memory node, we need to promote/demote hot/cold pages between the fast and cold memory nodes. A choice is to promote/demote as fast as possible. But the CPU cycles and memory bandwidth consumed by the high promoting/demoting throughput will hurt the latency of some workload because of accessing inflating and slow memory bandwidth contention. A way to resolve this issue is to restrict the max promoting/demoting throughput. It will take longer to finish the promoting/demoting. But the workload latency will be better. This is implemented in this patch as the page promotion rate limit mechanism. The number of the candidate pages to be promoted to the fast memory node via NUMA balancing is counted, if the count exceeds the limit specified by the users, the NUMA balancing promotion will be stopped until the next second. A new sysctl knob kernel.numa_balancing_promote_rate_limit_MBps is added for the users to specify the limit. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220713083954.34196-3-ying.huang@intel.com Signed-off-by: "Huang, Ying" Reviewed-by: Baolin Wang Tested-by: Baolin Wang Cc: Dave Hansen Cc: Johannes Weiner Cc: Mel Gorman Cc: Michal Hocko Cc: osalvador Cc: Peter Zijlstra Cc: Rik van Riel Cc: Shakeel Butt Cc: Wei Xu Cc: Yang Shi Cc: Zhong Jiang Cc: Zi Yan Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton

Merge tag 'powerpc-6.0-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/powerpc/linux

2022-08-06T23:38:17+00:00

Pull powerpc updates from Michael Ellerman: - Add support for syscall stack randomization - Add support for atomic operations to the 32 & 64-bit BPF JIT - Full support for KASAN on 64-bit Book3E - Add a watchdog driver for the new PowerVM hypervisor watchdog - Add a number of new selftests for the Power10 PMU support - Add a driver for the PowerVM Platform KeyStore - Increase the NMI watchdog timeout during live partition migration, to avoid timeouts due to increased memory access latency - Add support for using the 'linux,pci-domain' device tree property for PCI domain assignment - Many other small features and fixes Thanks to Alexey Kardashevskiy, Andy Shevchenko, Arnd Bergmann, Athira Rajeev, Bagas Sanjaya, Christophe Leroy, Erhard Furtner, Fabiano Rosas, Greg Kroah-Hartman, Greg Kurz, Haowen Bai, Hari Bathini, Jason A. Donenfeld, Jason Wang, Jiang Jian, Joel Stanley, Juerg Haefliger, Kajol Jain, Kees Cook, Laurent Dufour, Madhavan Srinivasan, Masahiro Yamada, Maxime Bizon, Miaoqian Lin, Murilo Opsfelder Araújo, Nathan Lynch, Naveen N. Rao, Nayna Jain, Nicholas Piggin, Ning Qiang, Pali Rohár, Petr Mladek, Rashmica Gupta, Sachin Sant, Scott Cheloha, Segher Boessenkool, Stephen Rothwell, Uwe Kleine-König, Wolfram Sang, Xiu Jianfeng, and Zhouyi Zhou. * tag 'powerpc-6.0-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/powerpc/linux: (191 commits) powerpc/64e: Fix kexec build error EDAC/ppc_4xx: Include required of_irq header directly powerpc/pci: Fix PHB numbering when using opal-phbid powerpc/64: Init jump labels before parse_early_param() selftests/powerpc: Avoid GCC 12 uninitialised variable warning powerpc/cell/axon_msi: Fix refcount leak in setup_msi_msg_address powerpc/xive: Fix refcount leak in xive_get_max_prio powerpc/spufs: Fix refcount leak in spufs_init_isolated_loader powerpc/perf: Include caps feature for power10 DD1 version powerpc: add support for syscall stack randomization powerpc: Move system_call_exception() to syscall.c powerpc/powernv: rename remaining rng powernv_ functions to pnv_ powerpc/powernv/kvm: Use darn for H_RANDOM on Power9 powerpc/powernv: Avoid crashing if rng is NULL selftests/powerpc: Fix matrix multiply assist test powerpc/signal: Update comment for clarity powerpc: make facility_unavailable_exception 64s powerpc/platforms/83xx/suspend: Remove write-only global variable powerpc/platforms/83xx/suspend: Prevent unloading the driver powerpc/platforms/83xx/suspend: Reorder to get rid of a forward declaration ...

powerpc/pseries/mobility: set NMI watchdog factor during an LPM

2022-07-27T11:36:03+00:00

During an LPM, while the memory transfer is in progress on the arrival side, some latencies are generated when accessing not yet transferred pages on the arrival side. Thus, the NMI watchdog may be triggered too frequently, which increases the risk to hit an NMI interrupt in a bad place in the kernel, leading to a kernel panic. Disabling the Hard Lockup Watchdog until the memory transfer could be a too strong work around, some users would want this timeout to be eventually triggered if the system is hanging even during an LPM. Introduce a new sysctl variable nmi_watchdog_factor. It allows to apply a factor to the NMI watchdog timeout during an LPM. Just before the CPUs are stopped for the switchover sequence, the NMI watchdog timer is set to watchdog_thresh + factor% A value of 0 has no effect. The default value is 200, meaning that the NMI watchdog is set to 30s during LPM (based on a 10s watchdog_thresh value). Once the memory transfer is achieved, the factor is reset to 0. Setting this value to a high number is like disabling the NMI watchdog during an LPM. Signed-off-by: Laurent Dufour Reviewed-by: Nicholas Piggin Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220713154729.80789-5-ldufour@linux.ibm.com

docs: admin-guide/sysctl: Fix rendering error

2022-06-24T19:07:37+00:00

Text in ``literal`` markup must be separated by word separators, so text like ``lowwater``% renders incorrectly. Add the suggested "\ " after two problematic occurrences. Signed-off-by: Stephen Kitt Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220624110230.595740-1-steve@sk2.org [jc: tweaked to use "\ "] Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet