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2020-12-14tracing: Disable ftrace selftests when any tracer is runningMasami Hiramatsu6-14/+25
Disable ftrace selftests when any tracer (kernel command line options like ftrace=, trace_events=, kprobe_events=, and boot-time tracing) starts running because selftest can disturb it. Currently ftrace= and trace_events= are checked, but kprobe_events has a different flag, and boot-time tracing didn't checked. This unifies the disabled flag and all of those boot-time tracing features sets the flag. This also fixes warnings on kprobe-event selftest (CONFIG_FTRACE_STARTUP_TEST=y and CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS=y) with boot-time tracing (ftrace.event.kprobes.EVENT.probes) like below; [ 59.803496] trace_kprobe: Testing kprobe tracing: [ 59.804258] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 59.805682] WARNING: CPU: 3 PID: 1 at kernel/trace/trace_kprobe.c:1987 kprobe_trace_self_tests_ib [ 59.806944] Modules linked in: [ 59.807335] CPU: 3 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Not tainted 5.10.0-rc7+ #172 [ 59.808029] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.13.0-1ubuntu1 04/01/204 [ 59.808999] RIP: 0010:kprobe_trace_self_tests_init+0x5f/0x42b [ 59.809696] Code: e8 03 00 00 48 c7 c7 30 8e 07 82 e8 6d 3c 46 ff 48 c7 c6 00 b2 1a 81 48 c7 c7 7 [ 59.812439] RSP: 0018:ffffc90000013e78 EFLAGS: 00010282 [ 59.813038] RAX: 00000000ffffffef RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: 0000000000049443 [ 59.813780] RDX: 0000000000049403 RSI: 0000000000049403 RDI: 000000000002deb0 [ 59.814589] RBP: ffffc90000013e90 R08: 0000000000000001 R09: 0000000000000001 [ 59.815349] R10: 0000000000000001 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 00000000ffffffef [ 59.816138] R13: ffff888004613d80 R14: ffffffff82696940 R15: ffff888004429138 [ 59.816877] FS: 0000000000000000(0000) GS:ffff88807dcc0000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 59.817772] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [ 59.818395] CR2: 0000000001a8dd38 CR3: 0000000002222000 CR4: 00000000000006a0 [ 59.819144] Call Trace: [ 59.819469] ? init_kprobe_trace+0x6b/0x6b [ 59.819948] do_one_initcall+0x5f/0x300 [ 59.820392] ? rcu_read_lock_sched_held+0x4f/0x80 [ 59.820916] kernel_init_freeable+0x22a/0x271 [ 59.821416] ? rest_init+0x241/0x241 [ 59.821841] kernel_init+0xe/0x10f [ 59.822251] ret_from_fork+0x22/0x30 [ 59.822683] irq event stamp: 16403349 [ 59.823121] hardirqs last enabled at (16403359): [<ffffffff810db81e>] console_unlock+0x48e/0x580 [ 59.824074] hardirqs last disabled at (16403368): [<ffffffff810db786>] console_unlock+0x3f6/0x580 [ 59.825036] softirqs last enabled at (16403200): [<ffffffff81c0033a>] __do_softirq+0x33a/0x484 [ 59.825982] softirqs last disabled at (16403087): [<ffffffff81a00f02>] asm_call_irq_on_stack+0x10 [ 59.827034] ---[ end trace 200c544775cdfeb3 ]--- [ 59.827635] trace_kprobe: error on probing function entry. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/160741764955.3448999.3347769358299456915.stgit@devnote2 Fixes: 4d655281eb1b ("tracing/boot Add kprobe event support") Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-12-08ring-buffer: Fix a typo in function descriptionQiujun Huang1-1/+1
s/ring_buffer_commit_discard/ring_buffer_discard_commit/ Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201112151800.14382-1-hqjagain@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Qiujun Huang <hqjagain@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-12-08ring-buffer: Remove obsolete rb_event_is_commit()Lukas Bulwahn1-17/+0
Commit a389d86f7fd0 ("ring-buffer: Have nested events still record running time stamp") removed the only uses of rb_event_is_commit() in rb_update_event() and rb_update_write_stamp(). Hence, since then, make CC=clang W=1 warns: kernel/trace/ring_buffer.c:2763:1: warning: unused function 'rb_event_is_commit' [-Wunused-function] Remove this obsolete function. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201117053703.11275-1-lukas.bulwahn@gmail.com Reviewed-by: Nathan Chancellor <natechancellor@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Lukas Bulwahn <lukas.bulwahn@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-12-02ring-buffer: Add test to validate the time stamp deltasSteven Rostedt (VMware)2-0/+170
While debugging a situation where a delta for an event was calucalted wrong, I realize there was nothing making sure that the delta of events are correct. If a single event has an incorrect delta, then all events after it will also have one. If the discrepency gets large enough, it could cause the time stamps to go backwards when crossing sub buffers, that record a full 64 bit time stamp, and the new deltas are added to that. Add a way to validate the events at most events and when crossing a buffer page. This will help make sure that the deltas are always correct. This test will detect if they are ever corrupted. The test adds a high overhead to the ring buffer recording, as it does the audit for almost every event, and should only be used for testing the ring buffer. This will catch the bug that is fixed by commit 55ea4cf40380 ("ring-buffer: Update write stamp with the correct ts"), which is not applied when this commit is applied. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-16tracing: Clean up after filter logic rewritingLukas Bulwahn1-21/+0
The functions event_{set,clear,}_no_set_filter_flag were only used in replace_system_preds() [now, renamed to process_system_preds()]. Commit 80765597bc58 ("tracing: Rewrite filter logic to be simpler and faster") removed the use of those functions in replace_system_preds(). Since then, the functions event_{set,clear,}_no_set_filter_flag were unused. Fortunately, make CC=clang W=1 indicates this with -Wunused-function warnings on those three functions. So, clean up these obsolete unused functions. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201115155336.20248-1-lukas.bulwahn@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Lukas Bulwahn <lukas.bulwahn@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-13tracing: Remove the useless value assignment in test_create_synth_event()Kaixu Xia1-1/+1
The value of variable ret is overwritten on the delete branch in the test_create_synth_event() and we care more about the above error than this delete portion. Remove it. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1605283360-6804-1-git-send-email-kaixuxia@tencent.com Reported-by: Tosk Robot <tencent_os_robot@tencent.com> Signed-off-by: Kaixu Xia <kaixuxia@tencent.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-13livepatch: Use the default ftrace_ops instead of REGS when ARGS is availableSteven Rostedt (VMware)2-5/+6
When CONFIG_HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS is available, the ftrace call will be able to set the ip of the calling function. This will improve the performance of live kernel patching where it does not need all the regs to be stored just to change the instruction pointer. If all archs that support live kernel patching also support HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS, then the architecture specific function klp_arch_set_pc() could be made generic. It is possible that an arch can support HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS but not HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_REGS and then have access to live patching. Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org> Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-13ftrace/x86: Allow for arguments to be passed in to ftrace_regs by defaultSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-0/+9
Currently, the only way to get access to the registers of a function via a ftrace callback is to set the "FL_SAVE_REGS" bit in the ftrace_ops. But as this saves all regs as if a breakpoint were to trigger (for use with kprobes), it is expensive. The regs are already saved on the stack for the default ftrace callbacks, as that is required otherwise a function being traced will get the wrong arguments and possibly crash. And on x86, the arguments are already stored where they would be on a pt_regs structure to use that code for both the regs version of a callback, it makes sense to pass that information always to all functions. If an architecture does this (as x86_64 now does), it is to set HAVE_DYNAMIC_FTRACE_WITH_ARGS, and this will let the generic code that it could have access to arguments without having to set the flags. This also includes having the stack pointer being saved, which could be used for accessing arguments on the stack, as well as having the function graph tracer not require its own trampoline! Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-13ftrace: Have the callbacks receive a struct ftrace_regs instead of pt_regsSteven Rostedt (VMware)9-32/+37
In preparation to have arguments of a function passed to callbacks attached to functions as default, change the default callback prototype to receive a struct ftrace_regs as the forth parameter instead of a pt_regs. For callbacks that set the FL_SAVE_REGS flag in their ftrace_ops flags, they will now need to get the pt_regs via a ftrace_get_regs() helper call. If this is called by a callback that their ftrace_ops did not have a FL_SAVE_REGS flag set, it that helper function will return NULL. This will allow the ftrace_regs to hold enough just to get the parameters and stack pointer, but without the worry that callbacks may have a pt_regs that is not completely filled. Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Reviewed-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-11tracing: Fix some typos in commentsQiujun Huang15-25/+25
s/detetector/detector/ s/enfoced/enforced/ s/writen/written/ s/actualy/actually/ s/bascially/basically/ s/Regarldess/Regardless/ s/zeroes/zeros/ s/followd/followed/ s/incrememented/incremented/ s/separatelly/separately/ s/accesible/accessible/ s/sythetic/synthetic/ s/enabed/enabled/ s/heurisitc/heuristic/ s/assocated/associated/ s/otherwides/otherwise/ s/specfied/specified/ s/seaching/searching/ s/hierachry/hierarchy/ s/internel/internal/ s/Thise/This/ Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201029150554.3354-1-hqjagain@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Qiujun Huang <hqjagain@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-11ftrace: Remove unused varible 'ret'Alex Shi1-4/+2
'ret' in 2 functions are not used. and one of them is a void function. So remove them to avoid gcc warning: kernel/trace/ftrace.c:4166:6: warning: variable ‘ret’ set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable] kernel/trace/ftrace.c:5571:6: warning: variable ‘ret’ set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable] Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/1604674486-52350-1-git-send-email-alex.shi@linux.alibaba.com Signed-off-by: Alex Shi <alex.shi@linux.alibaba.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-11ring-buffer: Add recording of ring buffer recursion into recursed_functionsSteven Rostedt (VMware)2-1/+25
Add a new config RING_BUFFER_RECORD_RECURSION that will place functions that recurse from the ring buffer into the ftrace recused_functions file. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-11fgraph: Make overruns 4 bytes in graph stack structureSteven Rostedt (VMware)2-3/+3
Inspecting the data structures of the function graph tracer, I found that the overrun value is unsigned long, which is 8 bytes on a 64 bit machine, and not only that, the depth is an int (4 bytes). The overrun can be simply an unsigned int (4 bytes) and pack the ftrace_graph_ret structure better. The depth is moved up next to the func, as it is used more often with func, and improves cache locality. Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-06ftrace: Add recording of functions that caused recursionSteven Rostedt (VMware)9-8/+271
This adds CONFIG_FTRACE_RECORD_RECURSION that will record to a file "recursed_functions" all the functions that caused recursion while a callback to the function tracer was running. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023548.102375687@goodmis.org Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Guo Ren <guoren@kernel.org> Cc: "James E.J. Bottomley" <James.Bottomley@HansenPartnership.com> Cc: Helge Deller <deller@gmx.de> Cc: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au> Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org> Cc: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com> Cc: Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com> Cc: Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@de.ibm.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Cc: x86@kernel.org Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com> Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Cc: Anton Vorontsov <anton@enomsg.org> Cc: Colin Cross <ccross@android.com> Cc: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org> Cc: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz> Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com> Cc: Joe Lawrence <joe.lawrence@redhat.com> Cc: Kamalesh Babulal <kamalesh@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+huawei@kernel.org> Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de> Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Cc: linux-csky@vger.kernel.org Cc: linux-parisc@vger.kernel.org Cc: linuxppc-dev@lists.ozlabs.org Cc: linux-s390@vger.kernel.org Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-06ftrace: Reverse what the RECURSION flag means in the ftrace_opsSteven Rostedt (VMware)6-21/+13
Now that all callbacks are recursion safe, reverse the meaning of the RECURSION flag and rename it from RECURSION_SAFE to simply RECURSION. Now only callbacks that request to have recursion protecting it will have the added trampoline to do so. Also remove the outdated comment about "PER_CPU" when determining to use the ftrace_ops_assist_func. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201028115613.742454631@goodmis.org Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023547.904270143@goodmis.org Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org> Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net> Cc: Sebastian Andrzej Siewior <bigeasy@linutronix.de> Cc: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz> Cc: Kamalesh Babulal <kamalesh@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com> Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-06perf/ftrace: Check for rcu_is_watching() in callback functionSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-1/+3
If a ftrace callback requires "rcu_is_watching", then it adds the FTRACE_OPS_FL_RCU flag and it will not be called if RCU is not "watching". But this means that it will use a trampoline when called, and this slows down the function tracing a tad. By checking rcu_is_watching() from within the callback, it no longer needs the RCU flag set in the ftrace_ops and it can be safely called directly. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201028115613.591878956@goodmis.org Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023547.711035826@goodmis.org Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org> Cc: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz> Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com> Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-06perf/ftrace: Add recursion protection to the ftrace callbackSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-1/+8
If a ftrace callback does not supply its own recursion protection and does not set the RECURSION_SAFE flag in its ftrace_ops, then ftrace will make a helper trampoline to do so before calling the callback instead of just calling the callback directly. The default for ftrace_ops is going to change. It will expect that handlers provide their own recursion protection, unless its ftrace_ops states otherwise. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201028115613.444477858@goodmis.org Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023547.466892083@goodmis.org Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org> Cc: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz> Cc: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com> Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-06livepatch: Trigger WARNING if livepatch function fails due to recursionSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-1/+1
If for some reason a function is called that triggers the recursion detection of live patching, trigger a warning. By not executing the live patch code, it is possible that the old unpatched function will be called placing the system into an unknown state. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20201029145709.GD16774@alley Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023547.312639435@goodmis.org Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org> Cc: Joe Lawrence <joe.lawrence@redhat.com> Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org Suggested-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz> Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com> Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-06livepatch/ftrace: Add recursion protection to the ftrace callbackSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-0/+5
If a ftrace callback does not supply its own recursion protection and does not set the RECURSION_SAFE flag in its ftrace_ops, then ftrace will make a helper trampoline to do so before calling the callback instead of just calling the callback directly. The default for ftrace_ops is going to change. It will expect that handlers provide their own recursion protection, unless its ftrace_ops states otherwise. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201028115613.291169246@goodmis.org Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023547.122802424@goodmis.org Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Cc: Jiri Kosina <jikos@kernel.org> Cc: Joe Lawrence <joe.lawrence@redhat.com> Cc: live-patching@vger.kernel.org Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com> Acked-by: Miroslav Benes <mbenes@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-06ftrace: Add ftrace_test_recursion_trylock() helper functionSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-7/+5
To make it easier for ftrace callbacks to have recursion protection, provide a ftrace_test_recursion_trylock() and ftrace_test_recursion_unlock() helper that tests for recursion. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201028115612.634927593@goodmis.org Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023546.378584067@goodmis.org Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-06ftrace: Move the recursion testing into global headersSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-177/+0
Currently, if a callback is registered to a ftrace function and its ftrace_ops does not have the RECURSION flag set, it is encapsulated in a helper function that does the recursion for it. Really, all the callbacks should have their own recursion protection for performance reasons. But they should not all implement their own. Move the recursion helpers to global headers, so that all callbacks can use them. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201028115612.460535535@goodmis.org Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201106023546.166456258@goodmis.org Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-04kprobes: Tell lockdep about kprobe nestingSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-4/+21
Since the kprobe handlers have protection that prohibits other handlers from executing in other contexts (like if an NMI comes in while processing a kprobe, and executes the same kprobe, it will get fail with a "busy" return). Lockdep is unaware of this protection. Use lockdep's nesting api to differentiate between locks taken in INT3 context and other context to suppress the false warnings. Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20201102160234.fa0ae70915ad9e2b21c08b85@kernel.org Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Acked-by: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-02tracing: Make -ENOMEM the default error for parse_synth_field()Steven Rostedt (VMware)1-10/+7
parse_synth_field() returns a pointer and requires that errors get surrounded by ERR_PTR(). The ret variable is initialized to zero, but should never be used as zero, and if it is, it could cause a false return code and produce a NULL pointer dereference. It makes no sense to set ret to zero. Set ret to -ENOMEM (the most common error case), and have any other errors set it to something else. This removes the need to initialize ret on *every* error branch. Fixes: 761a8c58db6b ("tracing, synthetic events: Replace buggy strcat() with seq_buf operations") Reported-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-02ring-buffer: Fix recursion protection transitions between interrupt contextSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-12/+46
The recursion protection of the ring buffer depends on preempt_count() to be correct. But it is possible that the ring buffer gets called after an interrupt comes in but before it updates the preempt_count(). This will trigger a false positive in the recursion code. Use the same trick from the ftrace function callback recursion code which uses a "transition" bit that gets set, to allow for a single recursion for to handle transitions between contexts. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Fixes: 567cd4da54ff4 ("ring-buffer: User context bit recursion checking") Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-02tracing: Fix the checking of stackidx in __ftrace_trace_stackQiujun Huang1-2/+2
The array size is FTRACE_KSTACK_NESTING, so the index FTRACE_KSTACK_NESTING is illegal too. And fix two typos by the way. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201031085714.2147-1-hqjagain@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Qiujun Huang <hqjagain@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-02ftrace: Handle tracing when switching between contextSteven Rostedt (VMware)2-4/+28
When an interrupt or NMI comes in and switches the context, there's a delay from when the preempt_count() shows the update. As the preempt_count() is used to detect recursion having each context have its own bit get set when tracing starts, and if that bit is already set, it is considered a recursion and the function exits. But if this happens in that section where context has changed but preempt_count() has not been updated, this will be incorrectly flagged as a recursion. To handle this case, create another bit call TRANSITION and test it if the current context bit is already set. Flag the call as a recursion if the TRANSITION bit is already set, and if not, set it and continue. The TRANSITION bit will be cleared normally on the return of the function that set it, or if the current context bit is clear, set it and clear the TRANSITION bit to allow for another transition between the current context and an even higher one. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Fixes: edc15cafcbfa3 ("tracing: Avoid unnecessary multiple recursion checks") Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-02ftrace: Fix recursion check for NMI testSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-1/+2
The code that checks recursion will work to only do the recursion check once if there's nested checks. The top one will do the check, the other nested checks will see recursion was already checked and return zero for its "bit". On the return side, nothing will be done if the "bit" is zero. The problem is that zero is returned for the "good" bit when in NMI context. This will set the bit for NMIs making it look like *all* NMI tracing is recursing, and prevent tracing of anything in NMI context! The simple fix is to return "bit + 1" and subtract that bit on the end to get the real bit. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Fixes: edc15cafcbfa3 ("tracing: Avoid unnecessary multiple recursion checks") Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-02tracing: Fix out of bounds write in get_trace_bufQiujun Huang1-1/+1
The nesting count of trace_printk allows for 4 levels of nesting. The nesting counter starts at zero and is incremented before being used to retrieve the current context's buffer. But the index to the buffer uses the nesting counter after it was incremented, and not its original number, which in needs to do. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201029161905.4269-1-hqjagain@gmail.com Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Fixes: 3d9622c12c887 ("tracing: Add barrier to trace_printk() buffer nesting modification") Signed-off-by: Qiujun Huang <hqjagain@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-11-01Merge tag 'timers-urgent-2020-11-01' of ↵Linus Torvalds4-16/+2
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull timer fixes from Thomas Gleixner: "A few fixes for timers/timekeeping: - Prevent undefined behaviour in the timespec64_to_ns() conversion which is used for converting user supplied time input to nanoseconds. It lacked overflow protection. - Mark sched_clock_read_begin/retry() to prevent recursion in the tracer - Remove unused debug functions in the hrtimer and timerlist code" * tag 'timers-urgent-2020-11-01' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: time: Prevent undefined behaviour in timespec64_to_ns() timers: Remove unused inline funtion debug_timer_free() hrtimer: Remove unused inline function debug_hrtimer_free() time/sched_clock: Mark sched_clock_read_begin/retry() as notrace
2020-11-01Merge tag 'smp-urgent-2020-11-01' of ↵Linus Torvalds2-2/+2
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull smp fix from Thomas Gleixner: "A single fix for stop machine. Mark functions no trace to prevent a crash caused by recursion when enabling or disabling a tracer on RISC-V (probably all architectures which patch through stop machine)" * tag 'smp-urgent-2020-11-01' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: stop_machine, rcu: Mark functions as notrace
2020-11-01Merge tag 'locking-urgent-2020-11-01' of ↵Linus Torvalds2-14/+10
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull locking fixes from Thomas Gleixner: "A couple of locking fixes: - Fix incorrect failure injection handling in the fuxtex code - Prevent a preemption warning in lockdep when tracking local_irq_enable() and interrupts are already enabled - Remove more raw_cpu_read() usage from lockdep which causes state corruption on !X86 architectures. - Make the nr_unused_locks accounting in lockdep correct again" * tag 'locking-urgent-2020-11-01' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: lockdep: Fix nr_unused_locks accounting locking/lockdep: Remove more raw_cpu_read() usage futex: Fix incorrect should_fail_futex() handling lockdep: Fix preemption WARN for spurious IRQ-enable
2020-11-01Merge tag 'flexible-array-conversions-5.10-rc2' of ↵Linus Torvalds3-3/+3
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gustavoars/linux Pull more flexible-array member conversions from Gustavo A. R. Silva: "Replace zero-length arrays with flexible-array members" * tag 'flexible-array-conversions-5.10-rc2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gustavoars/linux: printk: ringbuffer: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member net/smc: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member net/mlx5: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member mei: hw: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member gve: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member Bluetooth: btintel: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member scsi: target: tcmu: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member ima: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member enetc: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member fs: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member Bluetooth: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member params: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member tracepoint: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member platform/chrome: cros_ec_proto: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member platform/chrome: cros_ec_commands: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member mailbox: zynqmp-ipi-message: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member dmaengine: ti-cppi5: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array member
2020-10-31printk: ringbuffer: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array memberGustavo A. R. Silva1-1/+1
There is a regular need in the kernel to provide a way to declare having a dynamically sized set of trailing elements in a structure. Kernel code should always use “flexible array members”[1] for these cases. The older style of one-element or zero-length arrays should no longer be used[2]. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_array_member [2] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.9/process/deprecated.html#zero-length-and-one-element-arrays Signed-off-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavoars@kernel.org>
2020-10-30Merge tag 'pm-5.10-rc2' of ↵Linus Torvalds2-3/+5
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm Pull power management fixes from Rafael Wysocki: "These fix a few issues related to running intel_pstate in the passive mode with HWP enabled, correct the handling of the max_cstate module parameter in intel_idle and make a few janitorial changes. Specifics: - Modify Kconfig to prevent configuring either the "conservative" or the "ondemand" governor as the default cpufreq governor if intel_pstate is selected, in which case "schedutil" is the default choice for the default governor setting (Rafael Wysocki). - Modify the cpufreq core, intel_pstate and the schedutil governor to avoid missing updates of the HWP max limit when intel_pstate operates in the passive mode with HWP enabled (Rafael Wysocki). - Fix max_cstate module parameter handling in intel_idle for processor models with C-state tables coming from ACPI (Chen Yu). - Clean up assorted pieces of power management code (Jackie Zamow, Tom Rix, Zhang Qilong)" * tag 'pm-5.10-rc2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rafael/linux-pm: cpufreq: schedutil: Always call driver if CPUFREQ_NEED_UPDATE_LIMITS is set cpufreq: Introduce cpufreq_driver_test_flags() cpufreq: speedstep: remove unneeded semicolon PM: sleep: fix typo in kernel/power/process.c intel_idle: Fix max_cstate for processor models without C-state tables cpufreq: intel_pstate: Avoid missing HWP max updates in passive mode cpufreq: Introduce CPUFREQ_NEED_UPDATE_LIMITS driver flag cpufreq: Avoid configuring old governors as default with intel_pstate cpufreq: e_powersaver: remove unreachable break
2020-10-30lockdep: Fix nr_unused_locks accountingPeter Zijlstra1-10/+4
Chris reported that commit 24d5a3bffef1 ("lockdep: Fix usage_traceoverflow") breaks the nr_unused_locks validation code triggered by /proc/lockdep_stats. By fully splitting LOCK_USED and LOCK_USED_READ it becomes a bad indicator for accounting nr_unused_locks; simplyfy by using any first bit. Fixes: 24d5a3bffef1 ("lockdep: Fix usage_traceoverflow") Reported-by: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Tested-by: Chris Wilson <chris@chris-wilson.co.uk> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201027124834.GL2628@hirez.programming.kicks-ass.net
2020-10-30locking/lockdep: Remove more raw_cpu_read() usagePeter Zijlstra1-1/+1
I initially thought raw_cpu_read() was OK, since if it is !0 we have IRQs disabled and can't get migrated, so if we get migrated both CPUs must have 0 and it doesn't matter which 0 we read. And while that is true; it isn't the whole store, on pretty much all architectures (except x86) this can result in computing the address for one CPU, getting migrated, the old CPU continuing execution with another task (possibly setting recursion) and then the new CPU reading the value of the old CPU, which is no longer 0. Similer to: baffd723e44d ("lockdep: Revert "lockdep: Use raw_cpu_*() for per-cpu variables"") Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20201026152256.GB2651@hirez.programming.kicks-ass.net
2020-10-30Merge branches 'pm-cpuidle' and 'pm-sleep'Rafael J. Wysocki1-1/+1
* pm-cpuidle: intel_idle: Fix max_cstate for processor models without C-state tables * pm-sleep: PM: sleep: fix typo in kernel/power/process.c
2020-10-30params: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array memberGustavo A. R. Silva1-1/+1
There is a regular need in the kernel to provide a way to declare having a dynamically sized set of trailing elements in a structure. Kernel code should always use “flexible array members”[1] for these cases. The older style of one-element or zero-length arrays should no longer be used[2]. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_array_member [2] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.9-rc1/process/deprecated.html#zero-length-and-one-element-arrays Signed-off-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavoars@kernel.org>
2020-10-30tracepoint: Replace zero-length array with flexible-array memberGustavo A. R. Silva1-1/+1
There is a regular need in the kernel to provide a way to declare having a dynamically sized set of trailing elements in a structure. Kernel code should always use “flexible array members”[1] for these cases. The older style of one-element or zero-length arrays should no longer be used[2]. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_array_member [2] https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v5.9-rc1/process/deprecated.html#zero-length-and-one-element-arrays Signed-off-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavoars@kernel.org>
2020-10-29cpufreq: schedutil: Always call driver if CPUFREQ_NEED_UPDATE_LIMITS is setRafael J. Wysocki1-2/+4
Because sugov_update_next_freq() may skip a frequency update even if the need_freq_update flag has been set for the policy at hand, policy limits updates may not take effect as expected. For example, if the intel_pstate driver operates in the passive mode with HWP enabled, it needs to update the HWP min and max limits when the policy min and max limits change, respectively, but that may not happen if the target frequency does not change along with the limit at hand. In particular, if the policy min is changed first, causing the target frequency to be adjusted to it, and the policy max limit is changed later to the same value, the HWP max limit will not be updated to follow it as expected, because the target frequency is still equal to the policy min limit and it will not change until that limit is updated. To address this issue, modify get_next_freq() to let the driver callback run if the CPUFREQ_NEED_UPDATE_LIMITS cpufreq driver flag is set regardless of whether or not the new frequency to set is equal to the previous one. Fixes: f6ebbcf08f37 ("cpufreq: intel_pstate: Implement passive mode with HWP enabled") Reported-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Tested-by: Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com> Cc: 5.9+ <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 5.9+: 1c534352f47f cpufreq: Introduce CPUFREQ_NEED_UPDATE_LIMITS ... Cc: 5.9+ <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 5.9+: a62f68f5ca53 cpufreq: Introduce cpufreq_driver_test_flags() Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com> Acked-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-10-28Merge tag 'trace-v5.10-rc1' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-14/+22
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace Pull tracing fix from Steven Rostedt: "Fix synthetic event "strcat" overrun New synthetic event code used strcat() and miscalculated the ending, causing the concatenation to write beyond the allocated memory. Instead of using strncat(), the code is switched over to seq_buf which has all the mechanisms in place to protect against writing more than what is allocated, and cleans up the code a bit" * tag 'trace-v5.10-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-trace: tracing, synthetic events: Replace buggy strcat() with seq_buf operations
2020-10-28futex: Fix incorrect should_fail_futex() handlingMateusz Nosek1-1/+3
If should_futex_fail() returns true in futex_wake_pi(), then the 'ret' variable is set to -EFAULT and then immediately overwritten. So the failure injection is non-functional. Fix it by actually leaving the function and returning -EFAULT. The Fixes tag is kinda blury because the initial commit which introduced failure injection was already sloppy, but the below mentioned commit broke it completely. [ tglx: Massaged changelog ] Fixes: 6b4f4bc9cb22 ("locking/futex: Allow low-level atomic operations to return -EAGAIN") Signed-off-by: Mateusz Nosek <mateusznosek0@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200927000858.24219-1-mateusznosek0@gmail.com
2020-10-27PM: sleep: fix typo in kernel/power/process.cJackie Zamow1-1/+1
Fix a typo in a comment in freeze_processes(). Signed-off-by: Jackie Zamow <jackie.zamow@gmail.com> [ rjw: Subject and changelog edits ] Signed-off-by: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
2020-10-27tracing, synthetic events: Replace buggy strcat() with seq_buf operationsSteven Rostedt (VMware)1-14/+22
There was a memory corruption bug happening while running the synthetic event selftests: kmemleak: Cannot insert 0xffff8c196fa2afe5 into the object search tree (overlaps existing) CPU: 5 PID: 6866 Comm: ftracetest Tainted: G W 5.9.0-rc5-test+ #577 Hardware name: Hewlett-Packard HP Compaq Pro 6300 SFF/339A, BIOS K01 v03.03 07/14/2016 Call Trace: dump_stack+0x8d/0xc0 create_object.cold+0x3b/0x60 slab_post_alloc_hook+0x57/0x510 ? tracing_map_init+0x178/0x340 __kmalloc+0x1b1/0x390 tracing_map_init+0x178/0x340 event_hist_trigger_func+0x523/0xa40 trigger_process_regex+0xc5/0x110 event_trigger_write+0x71/0xd0 vfs_write+0xca/0x210 ksys_write+0x70/0xf0 do_syscall_64+0x33/0x40 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9 RIP: 0033:0x7fef0a63a487 Code: 64 89 02 48 c7 c0 ff ff ff ff eb bb 0f 1f 80 00 00 00 00 f3 0f 1e fa 64 8b 04 25 18 00 00 00 85 c0 75 10 b8 01 00 00 00 0f 05 <48> 3d 00 f0 ff ff 77 51 c3 48 83 ec 28 48 89 54 24 18 48 89 74 24 RSP: 002b:00007fff76f18398 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000001 RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000039 RCX: 00007fef0a63a487 RDX: 0000000000000039 RSI: 000055eb3b26d690 RDI: 0000000000000001 RBP: 000055eb3b26d690 R08: 000000000000000a R09: 0000000000000038 R10: 000055eb3b2cdb80 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 0000000000000039 R13: 00007fef0a70b500 R14: 0000000000000039 R15: 00007fef0a70b700 kmemleak: Kernel memory leak detector disabled kmemleak: Object 0xffff8c196fa2afe0 (size 8): kmemleak: comm "ftracetest", pid 6866, jiffies 4295082531 kmemleak: min_count = 1 kmemleak: count = 0 kmemleak: flags = 0x1 kmemleak: checksum = 0 kmemleak: backtrace: __kmalloc+0x1b1/0x390 tracing_map_init+0x1be/0x340 event_hist_trigger_func+0x523/0xa40 trigger_process_regex+0xc5/0x110 event_trigger_write+0x71/0xd0 vfs_write+0xca/0x210 ksys_write+0x70/0xf0 do_syscall_64+0x33/0x40 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xa9 The cause came down to a use of strcat() that was adding an string that was shorten, but the strcat() did not take that into account. strcat() is extremely dangerous as it does not care how big the buffer is. Replace it with seq_buf operations that prevent the buffer from being overwritten if what is being written is bigger than the buffer. Fixes: 10819e25799a ("tracing: Handle synthetic event array field type checking correctly") Reviewed-by: Tom Zanussi <zanussi@kernel.org> Tested-by: Tom Zanussi <zanussi@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
2020-10-26stop_machine, rcu: Mark functions as notraceZong Li2-2/+2
Some architectures assume that the stopped CPUs don't make function calls to traceable functions when they are in the stopped state. See also commit cb9d7fd51d9f ("watchdog: Mark watchdog touch functions as notrace"). Violating this assumption causes kernel crashes when switching tracer on RISC-V. Mark rcu_momentary_dyntick_idle() and stop_machine_yield() notrace to prevent this. Fixes: 4ecf0a43e729 ("processor: get rid of cpu_relax_yield") Fixes: 366237e7b083 ("stop_machine: Provide RCU quiescent state in multi_cpu_stop()") Signed-off-by: Zong Li <zong.li@sifive.com> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Tested-by: Atish Patra <atish.patra@wdc.com> Tested-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com> Acked-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org> Acked-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@kernel.org> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20201021073839.43935-1-zong.li@sifive.com
2020-10-26time: Prevent undefined behaviour in timespec64_to_ns()Zeng Tao1-4/+0
UBSAN reports: Undefined behaviour in ./include/linux/time64.h:127:27 signed integer overflow: 17179869187 * 1000000000 cannot be represented in type 'long long int' Call Trace: timespec64_to_ns include/linux/time64.h:127 [inline] set_cpu_itimer+0x65c/0x880 kernel/time/itimer.c:180 do_setitimer+0x8e/0x740 kernel/time/itimer.c:245 __x64_sys_setitimer+0x14c/0x2c0 kernel/time/itimer.c:336 do_syscall_64+0xa1/0x540 arch/x86/entry/common.c:295 Commit bd40a175769d ("y2038: itimer: change implementation to timespec64") replaced the original conversion which handled time clamping correctly with timespec64_to_ns() which has no overflow protection. Fix it in timespec64_to_ns() as this is not necessarily limited to the usage in itimers. [ tglx: Added comment and adjusted the fixes tag ] Fixes: 361a3bf00582 ("time64: Add time64.h header and define struct timespec64") Signed-off-by: Zeng Tao <prime.zeng@hisilicon.com> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Reviewed-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/1598952616-6416-1-git-send-email-prime.zeng@hisilicon.com
2020-10-26timers: Remove unused inline funtion debug_timer_free()YueHaibing1-5/+0
There is no caller in tree, remove it. Signed-off-by: YueHaibing <yuehaibing@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200909134749.32300-1-yuehaibing@huawei.com
2020-10-26hrtimer: Remove unused inline function debug_hrtimer_free()YueHaibing1-5/+0
There is no caller in tree, remove it. Signed-off-by: YueHaibing <yuehaibing@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200909134850.21940-1-yuehaibing@huawei.com
2020-10-26time/sched_clock: Mark sched_clock_read_begin/retry() as notraceQuanyang Wang1-2/+2
Since sched_clock_read_begin() and sched_clock_read_retry() are called by notrace function sched_clock(), they shouldn't be traceable either, or else ftrace_graph_caller will run into a dead loop on the path as below (arm for instance): ftrace_graph_caller() prepare_ftrace_return() function_graph_enter() ftrace_push_return_trace() trace_clock_local() sched_clock() sched_clock_read_begin/retry() Fixes: 1b86abc1c645 ("sched_clock: Expose struct clock_read_data") Signed-off-by: Quanyang Wang <quanyang.wang@windriver.com> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200929082027.16787-1-quanyang.wang@windriver.com
2020-10-26treewide: Convert macro and uses of __section(foo) to __section("foo")Joe Perches8-9/+9
Use a more generic form for __section that requires quotes to avoid complications with clang and gcc differences. Remove the quote operator # from compiler_attributes.h __section macro. Convert all unquoted __section(foo) uses to quoted __section("foo"). Also convert __attribute__((section("foo"))) uses to __section("foo") even if the __attribute__ has multiple list entry forms. Conversion done using the script at: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/75393e5ddc272dc7403de74d645e6c6e0f4e70eb.camel@perches.com/2-convert_section.pl Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Reviewed-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@gooogle.com> Reviewed-by: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>